Damaging Effects of Weapons and Ammunition

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Igor A. Balagansky. Damaging Effects of Weapons and Ammunition

Table of Contents

List of Tables

List of Illustrations

Guide

Pages

Damaging Effects of Weapons and Ammunition

Preface

I Introduction. I.1 Ammunition Types and Characteristics of Their Damaging Effect. I.1.1 Basic Concepts and Definitions

I.1.2 Types of Ammunition and Their Damaging Effects

I.2 Generalized Characteristics of the Damaging Effect

I.2.1 Degrees of Damage

I.2.2 Contact and Remote Ammunition

I.2.3 Generalized Characteristics of Contact Ammunition

I.2.4 The Accumulation of Damage

I.2.5 Generalized Characteristics of the Damaging Effect of Remote Ammunition

I.2.6 Specified Zone of Target Damage

I.3 Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Shooting. I.3.1 The Concepts of Combat Effectiveness of Weapons

I.3.2 Classification of Targets, Typical Efficiency Indicators

I.3.3 Dispersion During Shooting

I.3.4 Scheme of Two Groups of Errors

I.3.5 Probability of Damaging a Single Target

I.3.5.1 Damaging the Target with a Single Shot

I.3.5.2 Damaging the Target with Multiple Shots

Example

Solution

Example

Solution

I.3.6 Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Firing on a Group Target

Example

Solution

I.3.7 Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Firing at Area Target

I.3.7.1 Fraction of Damage U with One Shot

Example

Solution

Example

Solution

I.3.7.2 Determining the Average Damage Fraction at Multiple Shots

I.4 Self‐assessment Questions

References

1 Fragmentation Ammunitions. 1.1 Basic Concepts and Definitions. General Information. 1.1.1 Classification of Fragmentation Ammunition

1.1.2 High‐explosive Fragmentation Projectiles of Field Artillery

1.1.3 Brief Description of Other Classes of Fragmentation Ammunition

1.2 The Mechanics of High‐speed Deformation and Destruction of Shells Under the Action of an Explosion

1.3 Modeling the Processes of Explosive Fragmentation of Shells Using Standard Samples. 1.3.1 The Basic Theorem of the Dimensional Theory

1.3.2 Dimensional Analysis for Fragmentation Processes

1.3.2.1 Chemical Composition

1.3.2.2 Grain Size

1.3.3 Ratios for the Total Number of Fragments

1.3.4 Standard Fragmentation Cylinders

1.3.5 The Main Grades of Fragmentation Steels. 1.3.5.1 Group of Carbon Steels

1.3.5.2 Siliceous Steels

1.3.5.3 Сhromic Steels

1.3.5.4 Silicon–Manganese Steels

1.3.6 Prospects of Using Manganese Austenitic Steels to Improve Fragmentation Quality

1.4 Statistical Models of the Fragment Fields and the Fragment Spectra. 1.4.1 Fields of Fragment Dispersion, Methods of Controlling the Fields of Dispersion

1.4.2 Laws of Fragment Distribution by Mass

1.4.2.1 Numerical Distributions

1.4.2.2 Mass Distributions

1.4.3 Analytical Representation of Fragment Distribution Laws. 1.4.3.1 Weibull Distribution

1.4.3.2 The Mott Law

1.4.4 Distribution of Fragments by Shape

1.5 External Ballistics of Fragments

Example 1.1

Solution

1.6 Kinds of the Damaging Effect of Fragments

1.6.1 Ignition Effect of Fragments

1.6.2 Initiating Action of Fragments

1.6.3 Effects of a Dense Flow of Fragments

1.7 Laws of Target Damage with Fragments

1.8 Specified Zone of Target Damage with Fragmentation Munitions. 1.8.1 The Area of the Specified Zone

1.9 Methods for Optimizing the Parameters of Fragmentation Munitions. 1.9.1 The Method of Bauman Moscow State Technical University (BMSTU)

1.9.2 Warhead Optimization for the C‐13 Unguided Aircraft Missile

1.10 Vulnerability Characteristics of Objects to the Effects of Fragments, Determination of Safe Distances. 1.10.1 Methods of Efficiency Estimation

1.10.2 Characteristics of Target Vulnerability to Fragment Action

1.10.3 Determining Safe Distances

1.11 Self‐assessment Questions

References

2 Ammunitions with Shaped Charges. 2.1 Basic Concepts and Definitions. General Information

2.1.1 Artillery Projectiles

2.1.2 Engineering Mines with Shaped Charges

2.1.3 Anti‐tank‐guided Missiles (ATGM)

2.1.4 Anti‐tank Bombs and Cluster Submunitions

2.2 Fundamentals of Cumulative Effects. 2.2.1 The Phenomenon of Cumulation

2.2.2 The Cumulative Effect in Explosives Charges with Cavities

2.2.3 Hydrodynamic Theory of Shaped Charges

2.2.3.1 Theory of Jets of Ideal Fluid

2.2.3.2 Theory of Shaped Charge Jet Formation

2.2.3.3 PER‐theory

2.2.4 Limitations of Hydrodynamic Theory

2.2.4.1 The “Reverse” Cumulation Mode

2.2.5 Accounting for Compressibility of the Liner Material

2.3 Explosion Loading of Shaped Charge Liners, Their Throwing, and Collapse. 2.3.1 Calculation of Throw Velocity and Rotation Angle of a Shaped Charge Liner. 2.3.1.1 The Planar Case

2.3.1.2 The Case of Axial Symmetry

2.3.2 Investigation of a Shaped Charge with a High‐modulus Ceramic Tube

2.3.2.1 Experiments

2.3.2.2 Numerical Modeling

2.4 Formation, Tension of Metal Jets, and Their Penetration into Targets. 2.4.1 Movement and Breaking of Shaped Charge Jets

2.4.2 Penetration of Shaped Charge Jets into Barriers

2.5 The Influence of Design Parameters and Manufacturing Technology of Shaped Charges on the Penetration Effect

2.5.1 Shaped Charge Liner

2.5.2 High‐explosive Charge and Case. 2.5.2.1 HE Charge

2.5.2.2 The Shape of HE Charge

2.5.2.3 HE Charge Case

2.5.3 Detonation Front Control

2.5.4 Shaped Charge Manufacturing Technology

2.5.4.1 Reasons for Longitudinal–Transverse Instability of Detonation Wave Propagation

2.5.4.2 Longitudinal–Transverse Instability of Initiating Shock Waves

2.6 Influence of the Operational Conditions of Ammunitions with Shaped Charges on Their Damaging Effects

2.6.1 Standoff Distance

2.6.2 The Effect of Rotation on the Shaped Charge Effect

2.7 Formation and Effect of Explosively Formed Projectiles

2.8 The Effect of Ammunition with Shaped Charges on the Armor of Modern Tanks. 2.8.1 Characteristics of Modern Tank Armor

2.8.2 Interaction of Shaped Charge Jets with Explosive Reactive Armor

2.8.2.1 External Dynamic Protection

2.8.2.2 Built‐in Dynamic Protection

2.8.2.3 Dynamic Protection Embedded into the Armor

2.9 Methods for Evaluating the Effectiveness of Ammunition with Shaped Charges

2.10 Self‐assessment Questions

References

3 High‐explosive Ammunitions. 3.1 Basic Concepts and Definitions. General Information

3.1.1 Artillery Projectiles

3.1.2 Artillery Mines

3.1.3 Aviation Bombs

3.1.4 Volumetric Explosion Ammunition

3.2 Parameters of an Air Shock Wave During the Explosion of High Explosives. 3.2.1 Physical Phenomena Accompanying the Explosion of a Charge in the Air

3.2.2 Air Shock Wave (ASW) Parameters

3.2.3 Overpressure, Specific Impulse, and Time of Action of the Air Shock Wave

3.2.3.1 Overpressure

3.2.3.2 Time of Action of the Shock Wave

3.2.3.3 Specific Impulse

3.2.4 Influence of Conditions of the Explosion of Explosive Charge on Blast Action. 3.2.4.1 The Charge Shape

3.2.4.2 Own HE Charge Velocity

3.2.4.3 Properties of the Soil

3.2.4.4 The Khariton Layer

3.2.4.5 The Shell of the HE Charge

3.3 Reflection of Shock Waves from Barriers and Flow Around Barriers. 3.3.1 Reflection of a Shock Wave from a Barrier

3.3.1.1 Normal Reflection

3.3.1.2 Oblique Reflection of SW

3.3.2 Flow Around Barriers

3.4 Determination of Parameters of an Air Shock Wave During Detonation of Fuel–Air Mixtures. 3.4.1 General Information About Fuel–Air Mixtures

Example 3.1

Example 3.2

3.4.2 Parameters of an Explosion of Fuel–Air Mixtures in the Detonation Mode

3.4.2.1 Parameters of FAM Detonation Inside the Cloud

3.4.2.2 Parameters of a Detonation Explosion at the Boundary of the FAM Cloud

3.4.2.3 Parameters of the Air Shock Wave During FAM Detonation

3.5 Evaluation of the Damaging Effect of Shock Waves on Various Objects. 3.5.1 Criteria of the Damaging Effect of Shock Waves

3.5.2 Characteristics of Target Vulnerability to Blast Effects. 3.5.2.1 Parameters of the Destruction of Buildings and Other Objects

3.5.2.2 Parameters of Human Damage

3.5.2.3 Determination of the Degree of Damage of Enemy Personnel

3.6 Explosion in Water. 3.6.1 The Physical Picture of an Explosion in the Water

3.6.2 Basic Parameters of an Underwater Explosion

3.6.3 The Damaging Effect of an Underwater Explosion

3.7 Underground Explosion. 3.7.1 The Physical Picture of an Underground Explosion

3.7.2 Parameters Characterizing the Explosion Process in the Ground

3.7.3 The Damaging Effect of an Explosion in the Ground

3.7.3.1 Explosion for Ejection

3.7.4 Destruction of Underground Structures

3.7.4.1 Seismic Action of the Explosion

3.8 Self‐assessment Questions

References

4 Penetrating Ammunitions. 4.1 Basic Concepts and Definitions. General Information

4.1.1 Armor‐piercing Artillery Projectiles

4.1.2 Armor‐piercing Caliber Projectiles

4.1.3 Sub‐caliber Armor‐piercing Projectiles

4.1.4 Concrete Piercing Artillery Projectiles

4.1.5 Weapons and Ammunition for Damaging Extremely Resistant Targets

S-13, S-13T unguided aircraft missiles

4.1.6 Ammunition of Small Arms

4.2 Interaction of Impactors with Targets

4.2.1 Classification of Dynamic Penetration Conditions. Main Factors

4.2.2 Impact Velocity

4.2.3 Mechanical Properties

4.2.4 The Geometry of the Impactor and the Barrier

4.2.5 The Angle of Impact

4.2.6 Other Factors

4.2.7 Plug Formation

4.2.8 Viscous Crater Formation (Puncture)

4.2.9 Ballistic Limit

Example 4.1

4.2.10 Peculiarities of a High‐velocity Impact

4.2.11 Damaging Effect of the Impactors on the Living Force

4.3 Formulation of Penetration Problems and Ways to Solve Them

4.4 Shock with Long Rods

4.4.1 Segmented Impactors

4.4.2 Telescopic Impactors

4.5 Peculiarities of Collision with Thin Targets (Screens)

4.6 Self‐assessment Questions

References

5 Numerical Simulation of High‐speed Processes. 5.1 Introduction. Basic Concepts

5.2 The System of Equations of Continuum Mechanics

5.3 Behavior of Materials Under Intense Dynamic Loads

5.3.1 Elastic Medium

5.3.2 Hydrodynamic Model

5.3.3 Elastoplastic, Viscoplastic, and Elastoviscoplastic Models

5.3.4 Dislocation Models

5.4 Numerical Methods for Solving Dynamic Problems

5.5 Short Introduction to ANSYS AUTODYN

5.5.1 Choice of the Numerical Method. 5.5.1.1 Lagrange Solvers

5.5.1.2 Euler Solvers

5.5.1.2.1 Multi‐material Euler Solver

5.5.1.2.2 Euler Blast Solver

5.5.1.3 ALE (Arbitrary Lagrange Euler) Solver

5.5.1.4 Mesh Free Solver

5.6 Numerical Modeling Example

5.6.1 Experimental Data

5.6.2 Numerical Simulation

5.7 Self‐assessment Questions

References

Appendix A. A.1 Combined Median Errors for Artillery Shooting After Full Preparation of the Source Data

A.2 Values of Normalized Laplace Function

A.3 Basic Systems of Units and the Relationships Between Them

A.3.1 The CGS System

A.3.2 The MKGFS System of Units

A.3.3 The International System of Units

A.3.4 Non‐SI Units

A.3.4.1 Relationships Between Units of Different Physical Quantities

A.4 Properties of High Explosives. A.4.1 Explosion

A.4.2 Shock Wave

A.4.3 Combustion Deflagration

A.4.4 Detonation

A.5 Shock Adiabats of Substances

References

Bibliography

Introduction

Fragmentation Ammunitions

Ammunitions with Shaped Charges

High‐explosive Ammunitions

Penetrating Ammunitions

Numerical Simulation of High‐speed Processes

Appendices

Index. a

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Igor A. Balagansky

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