Отрывок из книги
Perhaps there is no single physical concept that has suffered the most from the prevailing theories in physics, as the concept of "mass". At the present time, in our orthodox physics, everything that can be hung on our long-suffering mass has been hung on it. We now have mass responsible for inertia, for gravity, and for energy. Everywhere you look; we have mass, just mass and nothing but mass. That this is not the case, we have already found out earlier, when we considered the issues of gravity in the first issue of the physics of a highly developed civilization series "The Paradigm of gravity of Extraterrestrial civilizations" [1]. So the mass of the test body, consisting only of substance has nothing to do with gravity, for a round of the gravity of the test body is not responsible for its mass, but positive (light) matter, which is part of the elementary particles of this test body, which just has no mass. Thus, to bring final clarity to this question of the masses is extremely necessary. And it is unlikely that we would be able to do it ourselves without the information of a highly developed civilization.
Mass as a scientific term was introduced by Newton as a measure of the amount of substance, before that, naturalists operated with the concept of weight. In the work "Mathematical principles of natural philosophy" (1687) Newton first defined the "amount of matter" in a physical body as the product of its density and volume. He further indicated that he would use the term mass in the same sense. Finally, Newton introduced mass into the laws of physics: first into Newton's second law (through the amount of motion), and then into the law of gravity, from which it immediately follows that weight is proportional to mass. Newton clearly pointed out this proportionality and even tested it on experience with all possible accuracy in those years: "Mass is determined by the weight of the body, because it is proportional to the weight, which I found by experiments on pendulums produced in the most accurate way" (these experiments Newton described in detail in volume III of his "Principles")
.....
Actually, the amount of something is determined by the count: one, two, three, … ten, …thousand, million, … billion, … and so on. Newton, of course, did not understand this concept of "quantity" in this way, but he understood it closely to this concept. How exactly? As described in the textbook for the sixth grade: the mass of a loaf of bread is less than the mass of a loaf, or the mass of a stone is more than a piece that was taken from it. In other words, Newton declared everything contained in the body to be the amount of matter. In a large piece – the amount of matter is much, in a small piece-the amount of matter is small. But since mass is also a measure of inertia, a large amount of matter has a large inertia, which means that it is more difficult to bring it out of a state of relative rest or uniform rectilinear motion compared to a small amount of matter. Or, in other words, with the same effect on a large and small amount of matter, the result will be different. The result for our case is acceleration. Therefore, with the same force on a large and small amount of matter, the acceleration of a large amount of matter will be small, and the acceleration of a small amount of matter will be large, which, in fact, follows from Newton's second law.
This was the case for quite a long time, and everything was fine. Until in the second decade of the XX century, out of nowhere, a Special Theory of Relativity suddenly appeared which came into conflict with the concept of "mass" that existed at that time. After all, according to the Special Theory of Relativity, the mass of a body functionally depends on the speed. But if the mass is the amount of matter, then this very amount of matter cannot depend on the speed. According to the Special Theory of Relativity, it turned out that the higher the speed, the more the amount of matter became, and if the speed decreased, the amount of matter decreased. This immediately, immediately made the Special Theory of Relativity untenable. There is a paradox, since the theory has come into conflict with the existing concept of "mass". At the same time, Einstein himself did not notice this paradox, or pretended not to notice it, and did not revise the definition of mass in any way. Mass, well, mass, just began to make formulas according to which mass depended on speed. If Einstein himself had noticed that the concept of mass contradicts his theory and would have started to revise this concept himself, it is still unknown how the fate of his theory would have developed. At that time, Newton's authority was still unquestionable. Therefore, for a long time, the paradox we have described calmly existed and mass was calmly the amount of matter, and this amount of matter was functionally dependent on speed. However, as time went on, this paradox began to stick out, and students began to ask unpleasant questions. At that time, students asked more questions if they did not understand something-this is a clear sign that the students understood something. Now students don't ask questions – a clear sign that they don't understand anything, just like their teachers. So, in order to remove this contradiction, the followers and epigones of Einstein decided not to declare special relativity untenable, but to declare mass by an indefinite term – "physical quantity". Here, the mass already loses its independent material content and becomes a calculated value, as it should be according to the special theory of relativity. Therefore, already in 1969, the amount of matter or matter disappears completely from the definition of mass. In the sixth grade, the concept of mass is not considered at all, and in the seventh grade, the definition of mass is as follows:
.....
