A Book of Middle English

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J. A. Burrow. A Book of Middle English

Table of Contents

Guide

Pages

A BOOK OF MIDDLE ENGLISH

List of Illustrations

Preface to the Fourth Edition

Abbreviations

1 Introducing Middle English. 1.1 The Period

1.1.1 From Old to Middle English

1.1.2 From Middle to Modern English

1.2 Varieties of Middle English

1.2.1 Regional Dialects

1.2.2 Early and Late Middle English

1.2.3 Spelling

2 Pronouncing Middle English. 2.1 Introduction

2.2 Vowels. 2.2.1 The Long Vowels

2.2.2 The Short Vowels

2.2.3 Unstressed Final ‐e

2.2.4 The Diphthongs

2.3 Consonants

2.4 Stress

3 Vocabulary. 3.1 Introduction

3.2 Scandinavian

3.3 English, French and Latin

3.4 Latin Loan‐Words

3.5 French Loan‐Words

4 Inflexions. 4.1 Introduction. 4.1.1 The Inflexional System

4.1.2 Loss of Inflexional Endings

4.2 Nouns. 4.2.1 Introduction

4.2.2 Noun Inflexions: Early Southern Texts

4.2.3 Developments in Noun Inflexions

4.2.4 Genitive Singular Without Ending

4.2.5 Unchanged Plurals

4.2.6 Mutated Plurals

4.3 Pronouns and Articles. 4.3.1 Forms of the Personal Pronouns

4.3.2 First and Second Person Pronouns

4.3.3 Third Person Pronouns: Masculine and Neuter Singular

4.3.4 Third Person Pronouns: Feminine Singular

4.3.5 Third Person Pronouns: Plural

4.3.6 The Definite Article

4.3.7 Demonstratives

4.3.8 The Indefinite Article

4.4 Adjectives and Adverbs. 4.4.1 Definite and Indefinite Inflexions

4.4.2 Inflexions for Case

4.4.3 Comparison of Adjectives

4.4.4 Comparison of Adverbs

4.5 Verbs. 4.5.1 Introduction

4.5.2 Present Tense

4.5.3 Past Tense and Past Participle

4.5.4 Past of Weak Verbs

4.5.5 The Verbs ‘Have’ and ‘Say’

4.5.6 Past of Strong Verbs

4.5.7 Irregular Verbs

4.5.8 The Verb ‘To Be’

5 Syntax. 5.1 Gender

5.2 Number

5.3 Use of Cases. 5.3.1 Nominative and Accusative

5.3.2 Genitive

5.3.3 Dative

5.4 Pronouns and Articles. 5.4.1 Þou and ʒe

5.4.2 Non‐expression of Personal Pronouns

5.4.3 Man

5.4.4 Self

5.4.5 Reflexive Pronouns

5.4.6 Relative Pronouns

5.4.7 The Articles

5.5 Adjectives and Adverbs. 5.5.1 Position

5.5.2 Comparatives and Superlatives

5.5.3 Adjectives as Nouns

5.6 Verbs. 5.6.1 Use of Present Tense

5.6.2 Use of Past Tense

5.6.3 Auxiliaries of the Past

5.6.4 Auxiliaries of the Future: shall and will

5.6.5 The Infinitive

5.6.6 The Subjunctive

5.6.7 The Imperative

5.6.8 Impersonal Verbs

5.6.9 Verbs of Motion

5.6.10 The Passive

5.7 Negation

5.8 Questions

5.9 Word‐Order. 5.9.1 Inversion

5.9.2 The Object

5.9.3 Prepositions

5.9.4 Relative Clauses

5.9.5 Adverbial Phrases

5.9.6 Verb in Final Position

5.10 Recapitulation and Anticipation

6 Metre. 6.1 Introduction

6.2 Rhymed Verse

6.3 Alliterative Verse

6.4 Laʒamon’s Brut

7 From Manuscript to Printed Text

8 Translating Middle English

8.1 Trevisa’s Dialogue

8.2 Words and Their Meanings

8.3 Dictionaries

8.4 False Friends. 8.4.1 ‘lewd’

8.4.2 ‘kind’

8.4.3 Some Nouns and Verbs

8.5 Idioms

8.6 Translating Prose

Commentary

8.7 Translating Verse

Commentary

8.8 Translating Pearl

Commentary

9 Select Bibliography. 9.1 Bibliographies, Indexes, and Internet Resources

9.2 Language Studies

9.3 General Studies of the Literature

9.4 Studies of Particular Genres

9.5 Historical and Social Studies

1 The Peterborough Chronicle 1137

Editions

Facsimile

Study

2 The Owl and the Nightingale

Editions and Facsimile

Studies

Notes

3 Laʒamon: Brut

Editions

Studies

Notes

4 Ancrene Wisse

Editions

Facsimile

Translations

Studies

Notes

5 Sir Orfeo

Editions

Facsimile

Other Texts

Studies

Notes

6 The Cloud of Unknowing

Editions

Studies

Notes

7 William Langland: Piers Plowman

Editions

Facsimiles

Studies

(7a)

(7b)

Notes

8 Patience

Editions

Facsimiles

Studies

Notes

9 Sir Gawain and the Green Knight

Editions

Studies

Notes

10 Pearl

Editions

Studies

I

II

III

IV

V

VI

VII

VIII

Notes

11 St Erkenwald

Editions

Studies

Notes

12 John Trevisa: Dialogue between a Lord and a Clerk

Edition

Studies

Notes

13 John Gower: Confessio Amantis

Editions

Studies

Notes

14 Lyrics. a–f rawlinson lyrics

Editions

Studies

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

g–k harley lyrics

Editions

Facsimiles

(g)

(h)

(j)

(k)

l–r grimestone lyrics

Editions and Studies

(l)

(m)

(n)

(o)

(p)

(q)

(r)

Notes

15 The York Play of the Crucifixion

Edition

Facsimile

Studies

Notes

16 Geoffrey Chaucer: The Parliament of Fowls

Editions

General Studies

Editions

Facsimile

Studies

Notes

17 Chaucer: Troilus and Criseyde

Editions

Facsimile

Studies

Incipit Prohemium Secundi Libri

Explicit Prohemium Secundi Libri. Incipit Liber Secundus

Notes

18 Chaucer: The Canterbury Tales

Editions

Studies

18a Chaucer: The Reeve’s Tale

Studies

The Prologe of the Reves Tale

18b Chaucer: The Prioress’s Tale

Editions

Studies

The Proheme of the Prioresse Tale. Domine dominus noster

Here bigynneth the Prioresse tale of Alma redemptoris mater

Notes

Notes

19 Julian of Norwich: Revelations of Divine Love

Edition

Facsimile

Studies

Notes

Textual Notes

Glossary

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FOURTH EDITION

Thorlac Turville-Petre and J. A. Burrow†

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The verb has three moods: indicative, subjunctive and imperative. The distinction between indicative and subjunctive is explained later (5.6.6); broadly, it is that the subjunctive is a non‐factual mood, used to express a doubt, hypothesis, conjecture, wish or the like. The imperative is used for orders and requests.

In the indicative mood, verbs may distinguish in form between the first, second and third persons of the singular, but all verbs have just one form throughout the plural (for we, ʒe and hi/þei). The subjunctive has just one form throughout the singular, to which it adds ‐n throughout the plural.

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