Seasoning of Wood

Оглавление

J. B. Wagner. Seasoning of Wood

Seasoning of Wood

Table of Contents

PREFACE

SEASONING OF WOOD

SECTION I

TIMBER

Characteristics and Properties

Structure of Wood

Properties of Wood

Classes of Trees

SECTION II

CONIFEROUS TREES

WOOD OF THE CONIFEROUS TREES

Bark and Pith

Sap and Heartwood

The Annual or Yearly Rings

Spring- and Summer-Wood

Anatomical Structure

LIST OF IMPORTANT CONIFEROUS WOODS

CEDAR

(a) White Cedars

(b) Red Cedars

CYPRESS

FIR

HEMLOCK

LARCH or TAMARACK

PINE

(a) Soft Pines

(b) Hard Pines

REDWOOD (See Cedar) SPRUCE

BASTARD SPRUCE

TAMARACK (See Larch) YEW

SECTION III

BROAD-LEAVED TREES

WOOD OF BROAD-LEAVED TREES

Minute Structure

LIST OF MOST IMPORTANT BROAD-LEAVED TREES (HARDWOODS)

AILANTHUS

ASH

ASPEN (See Poplar) BASSWOOD

BEECH

BIRCH

BLACK WALNUT (See Walnut) BLUE BEECH

BOIS D'ARC (See Osage Orange) BUCKEYE

BUCKTHORNE

BUTTERNUT

CATALPA

CHERRY

CHESTNUT

COFFEE TREE

COTTONWOOD (See Poplar) CRAB APPLE

CUCUMBER TREE (See Magnolia) DOGWOOD

ELM

GUM

Range of Red Gum

Form of the Red Gum

Tolerance of Red Gum

Demands upon Soil and Moisture

Second-Growth Red Gum

Uses of Tupelo Gum

Range of Tupelo Gum

HACKBERRY

HICKORY

HOLLY

HORSE CHESTNUT (See Buckeye) IRONWOOD

LAUREL

LOCUST

MAGNOLIA

MAPLE

MULBERRY

MYRTLE (See Laurel) OAK

OSAGE ORANGE

PAPAW

PERSIMMON

POPLAR (See also Tulip Wood)

RED GUM (See Gum) SASSAFRAS

SOUR GUM (See Gum) SOURWOOD

SWEET GUM (See Gum) SYCAMORE

TULIP TREE

TUPELO (See Gum) WAAHOO

WALNUT

WHITE WALNUT (See Butternut) WHITE WOOD (See Tulip and also Basswood) WHITE WILLOW

YELLOW WOOD

SECTION IV

GRAIN, COLOR, ODOR, WEIGHT, AND FIGURE IN WOOD

DIFFERENT GRAINS OF WOOD

COLOR AND ODOR OF WOOD

WEIGHT OF WOOD

"FIGURE" IN WOOD

SECTION V

ENEMIES OF WOOD

Ambrosia or Timber Beetles

Round-headed Borers

Flat-headed Borers

Timber Worms

Powder Post Borers

Conditions Favorable for Insect Injury—Crude Products—Round Timber with Bark on

How to Prevent Injury

Saplings

Stave, Heading and Shingle Bolts

Unseasoned Products in the Rough

Seasoned Products in the Rough

Dry Cooperage Stock and Wooden Truss Hoops

Staves and Heads of Barrels containing Alcoholic Liquids

SECTION VI

WATER IN WOOD

DISTRIBUTION OF WATER IN WOOD

Local Distribution of Water in Wood

Seasonal Distribution of Water in Wood

Composition of Sap

Effects of Moisture on Wood

The Fibre Saturation Point in Wood

SECTION VII

WHAT SEASONING IS

Difference between Seasoned and Unseasoned Wood

Manner of Evaporation of Water

Rapidity of Evaporation

Physical Properties that influence Drying

SECTION VIII

ADVANTAGES IN SEASONING

Prevention of Checking and Splitting

Shrinkage of Wood

Expansion of Wood

Elimination of Stain and Mildew

SECTION IX

DIFFICULTIES OF DRYING WOOD

Changes rendering Drying difficult

Losses Due to Improper Kiln-drying

Properties of Wood that affect Drying

SECTION X

HOW WOOD IS SEASONED

Methods of Drying

Drying at Atmospheric Pressure

Drying under Pressure and Vacuum

Drying by Superheated Steam

Impregnation Methods

Preliminary Treatments

Out-of-door Seasoning

SECTION XI

KILN-DRYING OF WOOD

Advantages of Kiln-drying over Air-drying

Physical Conditions governing the Drying of Wood

Theory of Kiln-drying

Requirements in a Satisfactory Dry Kiln

Theory and Description of the Forestry Service Kiln

KILN-DRYING. Remarks

Underlying Principles

Objects of Kiln-drying

Conditions of Success

Different Treatment according to Kind

Temperature depends

Air Circulation

Humidity

Kiln-drying

Kiln-drying Gum

Kiln-drying of Green Red Gum

SECTION XII

TYPES OF DRY KILNS

DIFFERENT TYPES OF DRY KILNS

The "Blower" or "Hot Blast" Kiln

Operation of the "Blower" Dry Kiln

The "Pipe" or "Moist-air" Dry Kiln

Operation of the "Moist-air" Dry Kiln

Choice of Drying Method

Kilns of Different Types

The "Progressive" Dry Kiln

The "Apartment" Dry Kiln

The "Pocket" Dry Kiln

The "Tower" Dry Kiln

The "Box" Dry Kiln

SECTION XIII

DRY KILN SPECIALTIES

KILN CARS AND METHOD OF LOADING

Different Types of Kiln Doors

SECTION XIV

HELPFUL APPLIANCES IN KILN-DRYING

The Humidity Diagram

Examples of Use

The Hygrodeik

The Recording Hygrometer

The Registering Hygrometer

The Recording Thermometer

The Registering Thermometer

The Recording Steam Gauge

The Troemroid Scalometer

Keep Records of the Moisture Content

The Electric Heater

BIBLIOGRAPHY

GLOSSARY

INDEX OF LATIN NAMES

INDEX

Отрывок из книги

J. B. Wagner

Published by Good Press, 2019

.....

Very variable, very light and soft in "soft" pine, such as white pine; of medium weight to heavy and quite hard in "hard" pine, of which the long-leaf or Georgia pine is the extreme form. Usually it is stiff, quite strong, of even texture, and more or less resinous. The sapwood is yellowish white; the heartwood orange brown. Pine shrinks moderately, seasons rapidly and without much injury; it works easily, is never too hard to nail (unlike oak or hickory); it is mostly quite durable when in contact with the soil, and if well seasoned is not subject to the attacks of boring insects. The heavier the wood, the darker, stronger, and harder it is, and the more it shrinks and checks when seasoning. Pine is used more extensively than any other wood. It is the principal wood in carpentry, as well as in all heavy construction, bridges, trestles, etc. It is also used in almost every other wood industry; for spars, masts, planks, and timbers in shipbuilding, in car and wagon construction, in cooperage and woodenware; for crates and boxes, in furniture work, for toys and patterns, water pipes, excelsior, etc. Pines are usually large-sized trees with few branches, the straight, cylindrical, useful stem forming by far the greatest part of the tree. They occur gregariously, forming vast forests, a fact which greatly facilitates their exploitation. Of the many special terms applied to pine as lumber, denoting sometimes differences in quality, the following deserve attention: "White pine," "pumpkin pine," "soft pine," in the Eastern markets refer to the wood of the white pine (Pinus strobus), and on the Pacific Coast to that of the sugar pine (Pinus lambertiana). "Yellow pine" is applied in the trade to all the Southern lumber pines; in the Northwest it is also applied to the pitch pine (Pinus regida); in the West it refers mostly to the bull pine (Pinus ponderosa). "Yellow long-leaf pine" (Georgia pine), chiefly used in advertisements, refers to the long-leaf Pine (Pinus palustris).

20. White Pine (Pinus strobus) (Soft Pine, Pumpkin Pine, Weymouth Pine, Yellow Deal). Large to very large-sized tree, reaching a height of 80 to 100 feet or more, and in some instances 7 or 8 feet in diameter. For the last fifty years the most important timber tree of the United States, furnishing the best quality of soft pine. Heartwood cream white; sapwood nearly white. Close straight grain, compact structure; comparatively free from knots and resin. Soft, uniform; seasons well; easy to work; nails without splitting; fairly durable in contact with the soil; and shrinks less than other species of pine. Paints well. Used for carpentry, construction, building, spars, masts, matches, boxes, etc., etc., etc.

.....