Оглавление
Jaime Frejlich. Photorefractive Materials for Dynamic Optical Recording
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Illustrations
Guide
Pages
Photorefractive Materials for Dynamic Optical Recording. Fundamentals, Characterization, and Technology
Copyright
List of Figures
List of Tables
Preface
Acknowledgments
Part I Fundamentals
Introduction
1 Electro‐Optic Effect
1.1 Light Propagation in Crystals
1.1.1 Wave Propagation in Anisotropic Media
1.1.2 General Wave Equation
1.1.3 Index Ellipsoid
1.2 Tensorial Analysis
1.3 Electro‐Optic Effect
1.4 Perovskite Crystals
1.5 Sillenite Crystals
1.5.1 Index Ellipsoid
1.5.1.1 Index Ellipsoid with Applied Electric Field
1.5.2 Other Cubic Noncentrosymmetric Crystals
1.5.3 Lithium Niobate
1.5.4 KDP‐()
1.5.5 Bismuth Tellurium Oxide‐ (BTeO)
1.6 Concluding Remarks
2 Photoactive Centers and Photoconductivity
2.1 Photoactive Centers: Deep and Shallow Traps
2.1.1 Cadmium Telluride
2.1.2 Sillenite‐Type Crystals
2.1.2.1 Doped Sillenites
2.1.3 Lithium Niobate
2.1.4 Bismuth Telluride Oxide:
2.2 Luminescence
2.3 Photoconductivity
2.3.1 Localized States: Traps and Recombination Centers
2.3.2 Theoretical Models
2.3.2.1 One‐Center Model
2.3.2.1.1 Steady State Under Uniform Illumination: Low Irradiance
2.3.2.1.2 Steady State Under Uniform Illumination: High Irradiance
2.3.2.2 Two‐Center/One‐Charge Carrier Model
2.3.2.2.1 Steady State Under Uniform Illumination
2.3.2.3 Dark Conductivity and Dopants
2.4 Photovoltaic Effect
2.4.1 Photovoltaic Crystals
2.4.1.1 Lithium Niobate and Other Ferroelectric Crystals
2.4.1.2 Some Photovoltaic Nonferroelectric Materials
2.4.1.2.1 Bismuth Tellurium Oxide and Sillenites
2.4.2 Light Polarization‐Dependent Photovoltaic Effect
2.5 Nonlinear Photovoltaic Effect
2.5.1 Light‐Induced Absorption and Nonlinear Photovoltaic Effects
2.5.2 Deep and Shallow Centers
2.6 Light‐Induced Absorption or Photochromic Effect
2.6.1 Transmittance with Light‐Induced Absorption
2.7 Dember or Light‐Induced Schottky Effect
2.7.1 Dember and Photovoltaic Effects
Notes
Part II Holographic Recording. Introduction
3 Recording a Space‐Charge Electric Field
3.1 Index‐of‐Refraction Modulation
3.2 General Formulation
3.2.1 Rate Equations
3.2.2 Solution for Steady‐State
3.3 First Spatial Harmonic Approximation
3.3.1 Steady‐State Stationary Process
3.3.1.1 Diffraction Efficiency
3.3.1.2 Hologram Phase Shift
3.3.2 Time‐Evolution Process: Constant Modulation
3.4 Steady‐State Nonstationary Process: Running Holograms
3.4.1 Running Holograms with Hole‐Electron Competition
3.4.1.1 Mathematical Model
3.4.1.1.1 Coupled Equations
3.4.1.1.2 Neglecting Coupling
3.4.1.1.3 Steady‐State Stationary Limit
3.4.1.1.4 Hologram Erasure
3.5 Photovoltaic Materials
3.5.1 Uniform Illumination:
3.5.2 Interference Pattern of Light
3.5.2.1 Influence of Donor Density
4 Volume Hologram with Wave Mixing
4.1 Coupled Wave Theory: Fixed Grating
4.1.1 Diffraction Efficiency
4.1.2 Out of Bragg Condition
4.2 Dynamic Coupled Wave Theory
4.2.1 Combined Phase‐Amplitude Stationary Gratings
4.2.1.1 Fundamental Properties
4.2.1.2 Irradiance
4.2.2 Pure Phase Grating
4.2.2.1 Time Evolution
4.2.2.1.1 Undepleted Pump Approximation
4.2.2.1.2 Response Time with Feedback
4.2.2.2 Stationary Hologram
4.2.2.2.1 Diffraction
Unshifted holograms
Phase‐shifted holograms
4.2.2.3 Steady‐State Nonstationary Hologram with Wave‐Mixing and Bulk Absorption
4.2.2.3.1 Diffraction Efficiency
4.2.2.3.2 Output Beams Phase‐Shift
4.2.2.4 Gain and Stability in Two‐Wave Mixing
4.3 Phase Modulation
4.3.1 Phase Modulation in Dynamically Recorded Gratings
4.3.1.1 Phase Modulation in the Signal Beam
4.3.1.1.1 Unshifted Hologram
4.3.1.1.2 Shifted Hologram
4.3.1.2 Output Phase Shift
4.3.1.2.1 Exercise
4.4 Four‐Wave Mixing
4.5 Conclusions
5 Anisotropic Diffraction
5.1 Coupled‐Wave with Anisotropic Diffraction
5.2 Anisotropic Diffraction and Optical Activity
5.2.1 Diffraction Efficiency with Optical Activity,
5.2.2 Output Polarization Direction
6 Stabilized Holographic Recording. 6.1 Introduction
6.2 Mathematical Formulation
6.2.1 Stabilized Stationary Recording
6.2.1.1 Stable Equilibrium Condition
6.2.2 Stabilized Recording of Running (Nonstationary) Holograms
6.2.2.1 Stable Equilibrium Condition
6.2.2.2 Speed of the Fringe‐Locked Running Hologram
6.2.3 Self‐Stabilized Recording with Arbitrarily Selected Phase Shift
6.3 Self‐Stabilized Recording in Actual Materials
6.3.1 Self‐Stabilized Recording in Sillenites
6.3.2 Self‐Stabilized Recording in
6.3.2.1 Holographic Recording without Constraints
6.3.2.1.1 Space‐Charge Electric Field Build‐up
6.3.2.1.2 Hologram Phase Shift
6.3.2.1.3 Diffraction Efficiency with Wave Mixing
6.3.2.2 Self‐Stabilized Recording
6.3.2.2.1 Effect of Light Polarization
6.3.2.2.2 Glassplate‐Stabilized Recording
Part III Materials Characterization. Introduction
7 General Electrical and Optical Techniques
7.1 Electro‐Optic Coefficient
7.2 Light‐Induced Absorption
7.3 Dark Conductivity
7.4 Photoconductivity
7.4.1 Photoconductivity in Bulk Material
7.4.2 Alternating Current Technique
7.4.3 Wavelength‐Resolved Photoconductivity
7.4.3.1 Transverse Configuration
7.4.3.1.1 Undoped
7.4.3.1.2 V‐Doped BTO
7.4.3.2 Longitudinal Configuration
7.4.3.2.1 Undoped BTO
7.5 Photo‐Electric Conversion
7.5.1 Wavelength‐Resolved Photo‐Electric Conversion (WRPC)
7.5.1.1 Undoped BTO
7.6 Modulated Photoconductivity
7.6.1 Quantum Efficiency and Mobility‐Lifetime Product
7.7 Photo‐Electromotive‐Force Techniques (PEMF)
7.7.1 Speckle‐Photo‐Electromotive‐Force (SPEMF) Techniques
7.7.1.1 Speckle Pattern onto a Photorefractive Material: Stationary State
7.7.1.1.1 Vibrating Speckle Pattern
7.7.1.1.2 Photocurrent Components
7.7.1.1.3 Harmonic Terms
7.7.1.1.4 Experimental Setup
7.7.1.1.5 Electrodes on the Crystal Sensor
7.7.1.1.6 First Harmonic Term as a Function of
Note
8 Holographic Techniques. 8.1 Holographic Recording and Erasing
8.2 Direct Holographic Techniques
8.2.1 Energy Coupling
8.2.2 Diffraction Efficiency
8.2.2.1 Debye Length Dependence on Light Intensity
8.2.3 Holographic Sensitivity
8.2.3.1 Computing
8.3 Hologram Recording
8.4 Hologram Erasure
8.4.1 One Single Photoactive Center Involved
8.4.1.1 Bulk Absorption
8.4.2 Two (or More) Photoactive Centers (Localized States) Involved
8.4.2.1 Same Charge Carriers
8.4.2.2 Holes and Electrons on Different Photoactive Centers
8.5 Materials
8.5.1 Fe‐doped : Hologram Erasure under White Light Illumination
8.5.2 (BTO)
8.5.2.1 Undoped BTO under nm Illumination
8.5.2.2 :Pb (BTO:Pb)
8.5.2.2.1 BTO:Pb under nm Light
8.5.2.2.2 BTO:Pb Recorded with nm and nm Pre‐exposure
8.5.2.2.3 BTO:Pb Recorded with nm Illumination With and Without nm Pre‐exposure
8.5.2.3 :V (BTO:V)
8.5.2.3.1 Hologram Recording
8.5.2.3.2 Hologram Erasing
8.5.2.4 Holographic Relaxation in the Dark: Dark Conductivity
8.6 Phase Modulation Techniques
8.6.1 Holographic Sensitivity
8.6.2 Holographic Phase‐Shift Measurement
8.6.2.1 Wave‐Mixing Effects
8.6.3 Photorefractive Response Time
8.6.4 Selective Two‐Wave Mixing
8.6.4.1 Amplitude and Phase Effects in GaAs
8.6.5 Running Holograms
8.7 Holographic Photo‐Electromotive‐Force (HPEMF) Techniques
9 Self‐Stabilized Holographic Techniques
9.1 Holographic Phase Shift
9.2 Fringe‐Locked Running Holograms
9.2.1 Absorbing Materials
9.2.1.1 Low Absorption Approximation
9.2.2 Characterization of Materials
9.2.2.1 Measurements
9.2.2.1.1 Hologram Speed,
9.2.2.1.2 Diffraction Efficiency
9.2.2.2 Theoretical Fitting
9.3 Characterization of :Fe
Part IV Applications. Introduction
10 Vibrations and Deformations
10.1 Measurement of Vibration and Deformation
10.2 Experimental Setup
10.2.1 Reading of Dynamic Holograms
10.2.2 Optimization of Illumination
10.2.2.1 Target Illumination
10.2.2.2 Distribution of Light among Reference and Object Beams
10.2.3 Self‐Stabilization Feedback Loop
10.2.4 Vibrations
10.2.5 Deformation and Tilting
10.2.5.1 Applications of PEMF to Mechanical Vibration Measurements
11 Fixed Holograms. 11.1 Introduction
11.2 Fixed Holograms in
11.2.1 Simultaneous Recording and Compensation
11.2.1.1 Theory
11.2.1.2 Experiment: Simultaneous Recording and Compensating
12 Photoelectric Conversion
12.1 Photoelectric Conversion Efficiency: Dember and Photovoltaic Effects
Part V Appendix. Introduction
Appendix A Reversible Real‐Time Holograms
A.1 Naked‐Eye Detection
A.1.1 Diffraction
A.1.2 Interference
A.2 Instrumental Detection
Appendix B Diffraction Efficiency Measurement
B.1 Angular Bragg Selectivity
B.1.1 In‐Bragg Recording Beams
B.1.2 Probe Beam
B.2 Reversible Holograms
B.3 High Index‐of‐Refraction Material
Appendix C Effectively Applied Electric Field
Appendix D Physical Meaning of Some Parameters
D.1 Temperature
D.1.1 Debye Screening Length
D.1.1.1 Debye Length in Photorefractives
D.2 Diffusion and Mobility
Appendix E Photodiodes
E.1 Photovoltaic Regime
E.2 Photoconductive Regime
E.3 Operational Amplifier
Bibliography
Index
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