Why Us?: How Science Rediscovered the Mystery of Ourselves

Why Us?: How Science Rediscovered the Mystery of Ourselves
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The imperative to 'know thyself' is both fundamental and profoundly elusive – for how can we ever truly comprehend the drama and complexity of the human experience?In ‘Why Us?’ James Le Fanu offers a fascinating exploration of the power and limits of science to penetrate the deep mysteries of our existence, challenging the certainty that has persisted since Charles Darwin's Origin of Species that we are no more than the fortuitous consequence of a materialist evolutionary process.That challenge arises, unexpectedly, from the two major projects that promised to provide definitive proof for this most influential of scientific theories. The first is the astonishing achievement of the Human Genome Project, which, it was anticipated, would identify the genetic basis of those characteristics that distinguish humans from their primate cousins. The second is the phenomenal advance in brain imaging that now permits neuroscientists to observe the brain 'in action' and thus account for the remarkable properties of the human mind.But that is not how it has turned out. It is simply not possible to get from the monotonous sequence of genes along the Double Helix to the near infinite diversity of the living world, nor to translate the electrical firing of the brain into the creativity of the human mind. This is not a matter of not knowing all the facts. Rather, science has inadvertently discovered that its theories are insufficient to conjure the wonder of the human experience from the bare bones of our genes and brains.We stand on the brink of a tectonic shift in our understanding of ourselves that will witness the rediscovery of the central premise of Western philosophy that there is 'more than we can know'. Lucid, compelling and utterly engaging, ‘Why Us?’ offers a convincing and provocative vision of the new science of being human.

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James Fanu Le. Why Us?: How Science Rediscovered the Mystery of Ourselves

Why Us? How Science Rediscovered the. Mystery of Ourselves. JAMES LE FANU

Dedication

Contents

Introduction: A Mystery to Ourselves

1 Science Triumphant, Almost

TABLE 1

The Double Helix

The Brain

2 The Ascent of Man: A Riddle in Two Parts

THE RIDDLE OF ‘THE ASCENT’ Part 1: Setting Out

THE RIDDLE OF THE ASCENT. Part 2: The Cultural Explosion and the Origins of Language

3 The Limits of Science 1:The Quixotic Universe

4 The (Evolutionary) ‘Reason forEverything’: Certainty

The Origin of On the Origin

A Sceptical View

THE TRIUMPH OF THE ORIGIN: PART 1. Ingenuity of the Argument

THE TRIUMPH OF THE ORIGIN: PART 2. The World was Ready for the Theory of Evolution

5 The (Evolutionary) ‘Reason forEverything’: Doubt

DOUBT: PART 1. Gregor Mendel and a (Temporary) Eclipse

DOUBT: PART 2. The Fossil Record, Perfection (and Homology) Revisited

(i) The fossils’ verdict

(ii) The Puzzle of Perfection

(iii) The ‘unsolved problem’ of homology

6 The Limits of Science 2:The Impenetrable Helix

7 The Fall of Man: A Tragedy in Two Acts

ACT I: THE DESCENT OF MAN

ACT 2: THE HUMILIATION OF MAN

8 The Limits of Science 3:The Unfathomable Brain

1. Mapping the Territory: 1861–1950

2. The Brain as Computer: 1950–1980

Nature – ‘Hardwiring’ the Brain

Nurture – ‘Programming’ the Brain

3. The Neuroscientific Revolution: 1980–2000

The World Out There: Capturing an Instant

Remember This

Free Will

2000 and Onwards: the Rediscovery of the Soul

9 The Silence

10 Restoring Man to his Pedestal

Index

Acknowledgements

Notes. Chapter 1: Science Triumphant, Almost

Chapter 2: The Ascent of Man: A Riddle in Two Parts

Chapter 3: The Limits of Science 1: The Quixotic Universe

Chapter 4: The (Evolutionary) ‘Reason for Everything’: Certainty

Chapter 5: The (Evolutionary) ‘Reason for Everything’: Doubt

Chapter 6: The Limits of Science 2: The Impenetrable Helix

Chapter 7: The Fall of Man: A Tragedy in Two Acts

Chapter 8: The Limits of Science 3: The Unfathomable Brain

Chapter 9: The Silence

Chapter 10: Restoring Man to his Pedestal

By the Same Author

Copyright

About the Publisher

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For Juliet

Title Page

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The details will come later, but the PET scanner would create the discipline of modern neuroscience, attracting thousands of young scientists keen to investigate this previously unexplored territory. Recognising the possibilities of the new techniques, the United States Congress in 1989 designated the next ten years as ‘the Decade of the Brain’ in anticipation of the many important new discoveries that would deliver ‘precise and effective means of predicting, modifying and controlling individual behaviour’. ‘The question is not whether the neural machinery [of the brain] will be understood,’ observed Professor of Neurology Antonio Damasio, writing in the journal Scientific American, ‘but when.’

Throughout the 1990s, both the Human Genome Project and the Decade of the Brain would generate an enormous sense of optimism, rounding off the already prodigious scientific achievements of the previous fifty years. And sure enough, the completion of both projects on the cusp of the new millennium would prove momentous events.

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