Оглавление
James G. Speight. Synthesis Gas
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Illustrations
Guide
Pages
Synthesis Gas. Production and Properties
Preface
1 Energy Sources and Energy Supply. 1.1 Introduction
1.2 Typical Energy Sources
1.2.1 Natural Gas and Natural Gas Hydrates
1.2.2 The Crude Oil Family
1.2.3 Extra Heavy Crude Oil and Tar Sand Bitumen
1.3 Other Energy Sources
1.3.1 Coal
1.3.2 Oil Shale
1.3.3 Biomass
1.3.4 Solid Waste
1.4 Energy Supply
1.4.1 Economic Factors
1.4.2 Geopolitical Factors
1.4.3 Physical Factors
1.4.4 Technological Factors
1.5 Energy Independence
References
2 Production of Synthesis Gas. 2.1 Introduction
2.2 Synthesis Gas Generation
2.3 Feedstocks
2.3.1 Natural Gas
2.3.2 Crude Oil Resid, Heavy Crude Oil, Extra Heavy Crude Oil, and Tar Sand Bitumen
2.3.3 Refinery Coke
2.3.4 Coal
2.3.5 Biomass
2.3.6 Solid Waste
2.3.7 Black Liquor
2.3.8 Mixed Feedstocks
2.3.8.1 Biomass and Coal
2.3.8.2 Biomass and Municipal Solid Waste
2.4 Influence of Feedstock Quality
2.5 Gasification Processes
2.5.1 Feedstock Pretreatment
2.5.2 Feedstock Devolatilization
2.5.3 Char Gasification
2.5.4 General Chemistry
2.5.5 Stage-by-Stage Chemistry
2.5.5.1 Primary Gasification
2.5.5.2 Secondary Gasification
2.5.5.3 Water Gas Shift Reaction
2.5.5.4 Carbon Dioxide Gasification
2.5.5.5 Hydrogasification
2.5.5.6 Methanation
2.5.5.7 Catalytic Gasification
2.5.6 Physical Effects
2.6 Products
2.6.1 Gaseous Products
2.6.1.1 Low Btu Gas
2.6.1.2 Medium Btu Gas
2.6.1.3 High Btu Gas
2.6.1.4 Synthesis Gas
2.6.2 Liquid Products
2.6.3 Tar
References
3 Gasifier Types and Gasification Chemistry. 3.1 Introduction
3.2 Gasifier Types
3.2.1 Fixed-Bed Gasifier
3.2.2 Fluid-Bed Gasifier
3.2.3 Entrained-Bed Gasifier
3.2.4 Molten Salt Gasifier
3.2.5 Plasma Gasifier
3.2.6 Other Types
3.2.7 Gasifier Selection
3.3 General Chemistry
3.3.1 Devolatilization
3.3.2 Products
3.4 Process Options
3.4.1 Effects of Process Parameters
3.4.2 Effect of Heat Release
3.4.3 Other Effects
References
4 Gasification of Coal. 4.1 Introduction
4.2 Coal Types and Properties
4.3 Gas Products
4.3.1 Coal Devolatilization
4.3.2 Char Gasification
4.3.3 Gasification Chemistry
4.3.4 Other Process Options
4.3.4.1 Hydrogasification
4.3.4.2 Catalytic Gasification
4.3.4.3 Plasma Gasification
4.3.5 Process Optimization
4.4 Product Quality
4.4.1 Low Btu Gas
4.4.2 Medium Btu Gas
4.4.3 High Btu Gas
4.4.4 Methane
4.4.5 Hydrogen
4.4.6 Other Gases
4.5 Chemicals Production
4.5.1 Coal Tar Chemicals
4.5.2 Fischer-Tropsch Chemicals
4.5.2.1 Fischer-Tropsch Catalysts
4.5.2.2 Product Distribution
4.6 Advantages and Limitations
References
5 Gasification of Heavy Feedstocks. 5.1 Introduction
5.2.1 Crude Oil Residua
5.2.2 Heavy Crude Oil
5.2.3 Extra Heavy Crude Oil
5.2.4 Tar Sand Bitumen
5.2.5 Other Feedstocks
5.2.5.1 Crude Oil Coke
5.2.5.2 Solvent Deasphalter Bottoms
5.3 Synthesis Gas Production
5.3.1 Partial Oxidation Technology
5.3.1.1 Shell Gasification Process
5.3.1.2 Texaco Process
5.3.1.3 Phillips Process
5.3.2 Catalytic Partial Oxidation
5.4 Products
5.4.1 Gas Purification and Quality
5.4.2 Process Optimization
5.5 Advantages and Limitations
5.5.1 Other Uses of Residua
5.5.2 Gasification in the Future Refinery
References
6 Gasification of Biomass. 6.1 Introduction
6.2 Gasification Chemistry
6.2.1 General Aspects
6.2.2 Reactions
6.2.2.1 Water Gas Shift Reaction
6.2.2.2 Carbon Dioxide Gasification
6.2.2.3 Hydrogasification
6.2.2.4 Methanation
6.3 Gasification Processes
6.3.1 Gasifiers
6.3.2 Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis
6.3.3 Feedstocks
6.3.3.1 Biomass
6.3.3.2 Gasification of Biomass with Coal
6.3.3.3 Gasification of Biomass with Other Feedstocks
6.4 Gas Production and Products
6.4.1 Gas Production
6.4.2 Gaseous Products
6.4.2.1 Synthesis Gas
6.4.2.2 Low-Btu Gas
6.4.2.3 Medium-Btu Gas
6.4.2.4 High-Btu Gas
6.4.3 Liquid Products
6.4.4 Solid Products
6.5 The Future
References
7 Gasification of Waste. 7.1 Introduction
7.2 Waste Types
7.2.1 Solid Waste
7.2.2 Municipal Solid Waste
7.2.3 Industrial Solid Waste
7.2.4 Bio-Solids
7.2.5 Biomedical Waste
7.2.6 Sewage Sludge
7.3 Feedstock Properties
7.4 Fuel Production
7.4.1 Preprocessing
7.4.2 Process Design
7.5 Process Products
7.5.1 Synthesis Gas
7.5.2 Carbon Dioxide
7.5.3 Tar
7.5.4 Particulate Matter
7.5.5 Halogens/Acid Gases
7.5.6 Heavy Metals
7.5.7 Alkalis
7.5.8 Slag
7.6 Advantages and Limitations
References
8 Reforming Processes. 8.1 Introduction
8.2 Processes Requiring Hydrogen
8.2.1 Hydrotreating
8.2.2 Hydrocracking
8.3 Feedstocks
8.4 Process Chemistry
8.5 Commercial Processes
8.5.1 Autothermal Reforming
8.5.2 Combined Reforming
8.5.3 Dry Reforming
8.5.4 Steam-Methane Reforming
8.5.5 Steam-Naphtha Reforming
8.6 Catalysts
8.6.1 Reforming Catalysts
8.6.2 Shift Conversion Catalysts
8.6.3 Methanation Catalysts
8.7 Hydrogen Purification
8.7.1 Wet Scrubbing
8.7.2 Pressure-Swing Adsorption Units
8.7.3 Membrane Systems
8.7.4 Cryogenic Separation
8.8 Hydrogen Management
References
9 Gas Conditioning and Cleaning. 9.1 Introduction
9.2 Gas Streams
9.3 Synthesis Gas Cleaning
9.3.1 Composition
9.3.2 Process Types
9.4 Water Removal
9.4.1 Absorption
9.4.2 Adsorption
9.4.3 Cryogenics
9.5 Acid Gas Removal
9.5.1 Adsorption
9.5.2 Absorption
9.5.3 Chemisorption
9.5.4 Other Processes
9.6 Removal of Condensable Hydrocarbons
9.6.1 Extraction
9.6.2 Absorption
9.6.3 Fractionation
9.6.4 Enrichment
9.7 Tar Removal
9.7.1 Physical Methods
9.7.2 Thermal Methods
9.8 Other Contaminant Removal
9.8.1 Nitrogen Removal
9.8.2 Ammonia Removal
9.8.3 Particulate Matter Removal
9.8.4 Siloxane Removal
9.8.6.1 Biofiltration
9.8.6.2 Bioscrubbing
9.8.6.3 Bio-Oxidation
9.9 Tail Gas Cleaning
9.9.1 Claus Process
9.9.2 SCOT Process
References
10 The Fischer-Tropsch Process. 10.1 Introduction
10.2 History and Development of the Process
10.3 Synthesis Gas
10.4 Production of Synthesis Gas
10.4.1 Feedstocks
10.4.2 Product Distribution
10.5 Process Parameters
10.6 Reactors and Catalysts
10.6.1 Reactors
10.6.2 Catalysts
10.7 Products and Product Quality
10.7.1 Products
10.7.2 Product Quality
10.8 Fischer-Tropsch Chemistry
10.8.1 Chemical Principles
10.8.2 Refining Fischer-Tropsch Products
References
11 Synthesis Gas in the Refinery. 11.1 Introduction
11.2 Processes and Feedstocks
11.2.1 Gasification of Residua
11.2.2 Gasification of Residua with Coal
11.2.3 Gasification of Residua with Biomass
11.2.4 Gasification of Residua with Waste
11.3 Synthetic Fuel Production
11.3.1 Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis
11.3.2 Fischer-Tropsch Liquids
11.3.3 Upgrading Fischer-Tropsch Liquids
11.3.3.1 Gasoline Production
11.3.3.2 Diesel Production
11.4 Sabatier-Senderens Process
11.4.1 Methanol Production
11.4.2 Dimethyl Ether Production
11.5 The Future
References
12 Hydrogen Production. 12.1 Introduction
12.2 Processes
12.2.1 Feedstocks
12.2.2 Commercial Processes
12.2.2.1 Hydrocarbon Gasification
12.2.2.2 Hypro Process
12.2.2.3 Hydrogen from Pyrolysis Processes
12.2.2.4 Hydrogen from Refinery Gas
12.2.2.5 Other Options
12.2.3 Process Chemistry
12.3 Hydrogen Purification
12.3.1 Wet Scrubbing
12.3.2 Pressure-Swing Adsorption
12.3.3 Membrane Systems
12.3.4 Cryogenic Separation
12.4 Hydrogen Management
References
13 Chemicals from Synthesis Gas. 13.1 Introduction
13.2 Historical Aspects and Overview
13.3 The Petrochemical Industry
13.4 Petrochemicals
13.4.1 Primary Petrochemicals
13.4.2 Products and End Use
13.4.3 Production of Petrochemicals
13.4.4 Gaseous Fuels and Chemicals
13.4.4.1 Ammonia
13.4.4.2 Hydrogen
13.4.4.3 Synthetic Natural Gas
13.4.5 Liquid Fuels and Chemicals
13.4.5.1 Fischer-Tropsch Liquids
13.4.5.2 Methanol
13.4.5.3 Dimethyl Ether
13.4.5.4 Methanol-to-Gasoline and Olefins
13.4.5.5 Other Processes
13.5 The Future
References
14Technology Integration. 14.1 Introduction
14.2 Applications and Products
14.2.1 Chemicals and Fertilizers
14.2.2 Substitute Natural Gas
14.2.3 Hydrogen for Crude Oil Refining
14.2.4 Transportation Fuels
14.2.5 Transportation Fuels from Tar Sand Bitumen
14.2.6 Power Generation
14.2.7 Waste-to-Energy Gasification
14.2.8 Biomass Gasification
14.3 Environmental Benefits
14.3.1 Carbon Dioxide
14.3.2 Air Emissions
14.3.3 Solids Generation
14.3.4 Water Use
14.4 A Process for Now and the Future
14.4.1 The Process
14.4.2 Refinery of the Future
14.4.3 Economic Aspects
14.4.4 Market Outlook
14.5 Conclusions
References
Conversion Factors. 1. General
2. Concentration Conversions
3. Weight Conversion
4. Temperature Conversions
5. Area
6. Other Approximations
7. SI Metric Conversion Factors
Glossary
About the Author
Index
WILEY END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT
