Оглавление
James G. Speight. Coal-Fired Power Generation Handbook
Table of Contents
List of Illustrations
List of Tables
Guide
Pages
Coal-Fired Power Generation Handbook 2nd Edition
Preface
1. History, Occurrence, and Resources. 1.1 Introduction
1.2 Origin of Coal
1.3 Occurrence
1.4 Coal Utilization and Coal Types
1.4.1 Lignite
1.4.2 Subbituminous Coal
1.4.3 Bituminous Coal
1.4.4 Anthracite
1.5 Resources
1.6 Reserves
1.6.1 Proven Reserves
1.6.2 Inferred Reserves
1.6.3 Potential Reserves
1.6.4 Undiscovered Reserves
1.6.5 Other Definitions
1.7 Energy Independence
References
2. Classification. 2.1 Introduction
2.2 Nomenclature of Coal
2.3 Classification Systems
2.3.1 Geological Age
2.3.2 Banded Structure
2.3.3 Rank
2.3.4 Coal Survey
2.3.5 International System
2.3.6 Coal as an Organic Rock
2.3.7 A Hydrocarbon Resource
2.4 Coal Petrography
2.4.1 Vitrinite Group
2.4.2 Liptinite Group
2.4.3 Inertinite Group
2.5 Correlation of the Various Systems
References
3. Recovery, Preparation, and Transportation. 3.1 Introduction
3.2 Coal Recovery
3.2.1 Surface Mining
3.2.1.1 Strip Mining
3.2.1.2 Open Pit Mining
3.2.1.3 Contour Mining
3.2.1.4 Auger Mining
3.2.1.5 Mountain Top Removal
3.2.2 Underground Mining
3.2.3 Mine Decommissioning and Closure
3.3 Coal Preparation
3.4 Size Reduction
3.4.1 Rotary Breaker
3.4.2 Roll Crusher
3.4.3 Hammer Mill
3.4.4 Impactor
3.4.5 Tumbler
3.5 Coal Cleaning
3.5.1 Effect of Composition and Rank
3.5.2 Methods
3.5.2.1 Dense Media Washing
3.5.2.2 Pneumatic Cleaning
3.5.2.3 Jig-Table Washing
3.5.2.4 Water Clarification
3.5.2.5 Other Processes
3.6 Coal Drying
3.6.1 Rotary Dryers
3.6.2 Fluidized Bed Dryers
3.6.3 Microwave Dryers
3.6.4 Screw Conveyor Dryers
3.6.5 Superheated Steam Dryer
3.7 Desulfurization
3.8 Transportation
3.8.1 Unit Train
3.8.2 Barge
3.8.3 Pipeline
3.8.4 Truck
3.8.5 Ocean
3.8.6 Conveyer Belt
References
4. Storage. 4.1 Introduction
4.2 Stockpiling
4.2.1 Stockpile Construction
4.2.1.1 The Windrow Method
4.2.1.2 The Cone Shell Method
4.2.1.3 The Chevron Method
4.2.2 Stockpile Management
4.2.3 Coal Mixing, Homogenization, and Blending
4.3 Effect of Storage
4.3.1 Long-Term Storage
4.3.2 Short-Term Storage
4.3.3 Disadvantages
4.4 Spontaneous Ignition
4.4.1 Oxidation and Rank
4.4.2 Pyrite and Other Minerals
4.4.3 Coal Size and Stockpile Ventilation
4.4.4 Moisture Content
4.4.5 Time Factor
4.5 Mechanism of Spontaneous Ignition
4.6 Preventing Spontaneous Ignition
References
5. General Properties. 5.1 Introduction
5.2 Sampling
5.2.1 Methods
5.2.2 In Situ Sampling
5.2.3 Ex Situ Sampling
5.3 Proximate Analysis
5.3.1 Moisture
5.3.2 Natural Bed Moisture
5.3.3 Volatile Matter
5.3.4 Ash
5.3.5 Fixed Carbon
5.4 Ultimate Analysis
5.4.1 Carbon and Hydrogen
5.4.2 Nitrogen
5.4.3 Oxygen
5.4.4 Sulfur
5.4.5 Chlorine
5.4.6 Mercury
5.4.7 Minerals and Trace Elements
5.5 Calorific Value
5.6 Reporting Coal Analyses
References
6. Physical, Mechanical, Thermal, and Electrical Properties. 6.1 Introduction
6.2 Physical Properties
6.2.1 Coal Type
6.2.2 Density and Specific Gravity
6.2.3 Petrographic Analysis
6.2.4 Porosity and Surface Area
6.2.5 Reflectivity
6.2.6 Refractive Index
6.3 Mechanical Properties
6.3.1 Strength
6.3.2 Hardness
6.3.3 Friability
6.3.4 Grindability
6.3.5 Dustiness Index
6.4 Thermal Properties
6.4.1 Heat Capacity
6.4.2 Thermal Conductivity
6.4.3 Plastic and Agglutinating Properties
6.4.4 Agglomerating Index
6.4.5 Free Swelling Index
6.4.6 Ash Fusion Temperature
6.5 Electrical Properties
6.5.1 Electrical Conductivity
6.5.2 Dielectric Constant
6.5.3 Dielectric Strength
6.6 Epilog
References
7. Combustion. 7.1 Introduction
7.2 General Aspects
7.2.1 Coal Devolatilization and Combustion of Volatile Matter
7.2.2 Char Combustion
7.3 Chemistry and Physics
7.3.1 Influence of Coal Quality
7.3.2 Mechanism
7.3.3 Ignition
7.3.4 Surface Effects
7.3.5 Reaction Rates
7.3.6 Heat Balance
7.3.7 Soot Formation
7.3.8 Conduction, Convection, and Radiation
7.3.9 Slagging and Fouling
7.3.10 Additives and Catalysts
7.3.11 Excess Air
7.3.12 Coal/Air Transport
7.4 Catalytic Combustion
7.5 Fuels
7.5.1 Coal
7.5.2 Coal Blends
7.5.3 Coal-Oil Fuels
7.5.4 Coal-Water Fuels
7.5.5 Coal-Biomass Fuels
References
8. Combustion Systems. 8.1 Introduction
8.2 Combustion Systems
8.2.1 Stoker Systems
8.2.2 Fixed-Bed Systems
8.2.2.1 Fixed- and Moving-Grate Systems
8.2.2.2 Up-Draught Combustion
8.2.2.3 Down-Draught Combustion
8.2.3 Fluidized Beds
8.2.4 Entrained Systems
8.2.5 Miscellaneous Systems
8.2.5.1 Advanced Power Systems
8.2.5.2 Colloidal Fuel-Fired Units
8.2.5.3 Cyclone Furnaces
8.2.5.4 Ignifluid System
8.2.5.5 Submerged Combustion Systems
8.2.5.6 Suspension-Bed Combustion
8.3 Fuel Feeders
References
9. Gasification. 9.1 Introduction
9.2 General Aspects
9.2.1 Feedstock Quality
9.2.2 Mixed Feedstocks
9.2.2.1 Coal-Biomass Feedstocks
9.2.2.2 Coal-Waste Feedstocks
9.2.2.3 Reactors
9.2.3 Bulk Density
9.2.4 Reactivity
9.2.5 Energy Content
9.2.6 Moisture Content
9.2.7 Particle Size and Distribution
9.2.8 Mineral Matter Content and Ash Production
9.2.9 Devolatilization and Volatile Matter Production
9.2.10 Char Gasification
9.3 Chemistry and Physics
9.3.1 Influence of Coal Quality
9.3.2 Mechanism
9.3.3 Primary Gasification
9.3.4 Secondary Gasification
9.3.5 Shift Conversion
9.3.6 Hydrogasification
9.3.7 Methanation
9.4 Catalytic Gasification
9.5 Plasma Gasification
9.6 Gaseous Products
9.6.1 Low-Btu Gas
9.6.2 Medium-Btu Gas
9.6.3 High-Btu Gas
9.6.4 Methane
9.6.5 Hydrogen
9.6.6 Other Products
9.7 Underground Gasification
References
10. Gasification Systems. 10.1 Introduction
10.2 Gasifier Types
10.2.1 Fixed-Bed Gasifier
10.2.2 Fluidized-Bed Gasifier
10.2.3 Entrained-Bed Gasifier
10.2.4 Molten Salt Gasifier
10.3 Fixed-Bed Processes
10.3.1 Foster-Wheeler Stoic Process
10.3.2 Lurgi Process
10.3.3 Wellman-Galusha Process
10.3.4 Woodall-Duckham Process
10.4 Fluidized-Bed Processes
10.4.1 Agglomerating Burner Process
10.4.2 Carbon Dioxide Acceptor Process
10.4.3 Coalcon Process
10.4.4 The COED/COGAS Process
10.4.5 Exxon Catalytic Gasification Process
10.4.6 The Hydrane Process
10.4.7 The Hygas Process
10.4.8 Pressurized Fluid-Bed Process
10.4.9 Synthane Process
10.4.10 The U-Gas Process
10.4.11 Winkler Process
10.5 Entrained-Bed Processes
10.5.1 Bi-Gas Process
10.5.2 Combustion Engineering Process
10.5.3 Koppers-Totzek Process
10.5.4 Texaco Process
10.6 Molten Salt Processes
10.6.1 Atgas Process
10.6.2 Pullman-Kellogg Process
10.6.3 Rockgas Process
10.6.4 Rummel Single-Shaft Process
10.7 Other Designs
10.7.1 Moving-Grate Gasifier
10.7.2 Plasma Gasifier
10.7.3 Rotary Kiln Gasifier
10.7.4 Shell Coal Gasifier
10.7.5 Conoco-Phillips Gasifier
10.7.6 Slagging Gasifier
10.7.7 Atmospheric and Pressurized Gasifiers
10.7.8 Dry Feed and Slurry Feed Gasifiers
10.7.9 Air-Blown and Oxygen-Blown Gasifiers
10.7.10 Quench versus Heat Recovery
10.8 Gasifier-Feedstock Compatibility
10.8.1 Feedstock Reactivity
10.8.2 Energy Content
10.8.3 Moisture Content
10.8.4 Production of Volatile Matter
10.8.5 Particle Size and Distribution
10.8.6 Bulk Density
10.8.7 Propensity for Char Formation
10.8.8 Mineral Matter Content
10.8.9 Ash Yield
10.9 Energy Balance and Other Design Options
10.10 Underground Gasification
10.10.1 Borehole Producer Method
10.10.2 Chamber Method
10.10.3 Shaftless Method
10.10.4 Stream Method
References
11. Electric Power Generation. 11.1 Introduction
11.2 Electricity from Coal
11.2.1 Conventional Power Plant
11.2.1.1 Coal Transport and Delivery
11.2.1.2 Fuel Preparation
11.2.1.3 Feed-Water Heating and De-Aeration
11.3 Steam Generation
11.3.1 The Boiler
11.3.1.1 Water Tube Boiler
11.3.1.2 Packaged Boiler
11.3.1.3 Fluidized-Bed Combustion Boiler
11.3.1.4 Atmospheric Fluidized-Bed Combustion Boiler
11.3.1.5 Pressurized Fluidized-Bed Combustion Boiler
11.3.1.6 Atmospheric Circulating Fluidized-Bed Combustion Boiler
11.3.1.7 Stoker-Fired Boiler
11.3.1.8 Pulverized Fuel Boiler
11.3.1.9 Waste Heat Boiler
11.3.2 The Steam Turbines and the Electrical Generator
11.3.3 Steam Condensing and Cooling Towers
11.3.3.1 Supercritical Steam Generators
11.4 Control of Emissions
11.4.1 Carbon Dioxide Emissions
11.4.2 Particulate Matter Emissions
11.4.3 Sulfur Dioxide Emissions
11.4.4 Mercury Emissions
11.5 Power Plant Efficiency
11.6 Combined Cycle Generation
11.6.1 Cogeneration
11.6.2 IGCC Technology
References
12. Gas Cleaning. 12.1 Introduction
12.2 General Aspects
12.3 Air Pollution Control Devices
12.3.1 Nitrogen Oxide Emissions
12.3.2 Sulfur Oxide Emissions
12.4 Particulate Matter Removal
12.4.1 Electrostatic Precipitators
12.4.2 Fabric Filters
12.4.3 Granular-Bed Filters
12.4.4 Scrubber Systems
12.4.4.1 Wet Systems
12.4.4.2 Dry Systems
12.4.4.3 Semi-Dry Systems
12.4.5 Cyclones
12.5 Acid Gas Removal
12.6 Removal of Sulfur-Containing Gases
12.7 Removal of Nitrogen-Containing Gases
12.8 Environmental Legislation
References
13. Clean Coal Technologies for Power Generation. 13.1 Introduction
13.2 Historical Perspectives
13.3 Modern Perspectives
13.4 Clean Coal Technology
13.4.1 Precombustion Cleaning
13.4.1.1 Physical Cleaning
13.4.1.2 Chemical/Biological Cleaning
13.4.1.3 Fuel Switching
13.4.2 Cleaning During Combustion
13.4.2.1 Advanced Combustion
13.4.2.2 Fluidized-Bed Combustion
13.4.3 Post-Combustion Cleaning
13.4.3.1 Sulfur Oxide Emissions
13.4.3.2 Nitrogen Oxide Emissions
13.4.3.3 Fly Ash Emissions
13.4.3.4 Mercury
13.4.3.5 Particulate Matter
13.4.3.6 Advanced Post-Combustion Cleaning
13.4.4 Conversion and Added-Value Products
13.4.4.1 Integrated Gasification Combined-Cycle Systems
13.4.4.2 Mild Gasification
13.4.4.3 Coal Liquefaction
13.4.4.4 Biomass Cofiring
13.5 Managing Wastes from Coal Use
13.6 Carbon Dioxide Capture and Sequestration
References
14. Environmental Issues. 14.1 Introduction
14.2 Coal Preparation
14.2.1 Water Treatment
14.2.2 Dust Control
14.2.3 Noise Control
14.3 Transportation and Storage
14.3.1 Transportation
14.3.2 Storage
14.4 Combustion
14.4.1 Effect of Coal Type
14.4.2 Gaseous Effluents
14.4.2.1 Carbon Emissions
14.4.2.2 Sulfur Oxides
14.4.2.3 Nitrogen Oxides
14.5 Gasification
14.6 Power Plant Waste
14.6.1 Coal Ash
14.6.1.1 Fly Ash
14.6.1.2 Bottom Ash
14.6.1.3 Bottom Slag
14.6.1.4 Properties and Uses of Ash and Slag
14.6.2 Flue Gas Desulfurization Waste
14.6.3 Waste Heat
14.7 The Future
References
15. Alternate Feedstocks. 15.1 Introduction
15.2 Viscous Feedstocks
15.2.1 Crude Oil Residua
15.2.2 Extra Heavy Oil and Tar Sand Bitumen
15.2.2.1 Extra Heavy Oil
15.2.2.2 Tar Sand Bitumen
15.2.3 Other Feedstocks
15.2.3.1 Refinery Coke
15.2.3.2 Solvent Deasphalter Bottoms
15.2.3.3 Asphalt, Tar, and Pitch
15.2.3.4 Black Liquor
15.2.3.5 Used Motor Oil
15.3 Biomass
15.3.1 Carbohydrates
15.3.2 Vegetable Oils
15.3.3 Plant Fibers
15.3.4 Energy Crops
15.3.4.1 Cordgrass and Switchgrass
15.3.4.2 Jerusalem Artichoke
15.3.4.3 Miscanthus
15.3.4.4 Reed Plants
15.3.4.5 Residual Herbaceous Biomass
15.3.4.6 Short Rotation Coppice
15.3.4.7 Sorghum
15.3.5 Wood
15.3.5.1 Types of Wood
15.3.5.2 Composition and Properties
15.3.5.3 Chemical Composition
15.3.5.3.1 Cellulose
15.3.5.3.2 Hemicellulose
15.3.5.3.3 Lignin
15.3.5.3.4 Solvent Extractable Materials
15.3.6 Chemistry and Uses
15.4 Waste
15.4.1 Domestic and Industrial Waste
15.4.2 Effects of Waste
References
16. Combustion of Alternate Feedstocks. 16.1 Introduction
16.2 Viscous Feedstocks
16.3 Biomass
16.3.1 Properties and Combustion
16.3.2 Combustors
16.3.3 Biomass for Electricity Generation
16.3.4 Combustion Systems
16.3.4.1 Pile Combustion
16.3.4.2 Stoker Combustion
16.3.4.3 Suspension Combustion
16.3.4.4 Fluidized-Bed Combustion
16.3.4.5 Direct Combustion System
16.3.5 Environmental Issues
16.3.5.1 Ash Formation
16.3.5.2 Other Pollutants
16.4 Solid Waste
16.4.1 Electricity Production
16.4.2 Environmental Issues
References
17. Gasification of Alternate Feedstocks. 17.1 Introduction
17.2 Viscous Feedstocks
17.2.1 Crude Oil Residual
17.2.2 Other Feedstocks
17.2.2.1 Solvent Deasphalter Bottoms
17.2.2.2 Asphalt, Tar, and Pitch
17.2.2.3 Black Liquor
17.3 Biomass
17.4 Solid Waste
17.4.1 Waste Types
17.4.1.1 Solid Waste
17.4.1.2 Municipal Solid Waste
17.4.1.3 Industrial Solid Waste
17.4.1.4 Biowaste
17.4.1.5 Biomedical Waste
17.4.2 Waste to Energy
17.5 Process Products
17.5.1 Synthesis Gas
17.5.2 Carbon Dioxide
17.5.3 Tar
17.5.4 Particulate Matter
17.5.5 Halogens/Acid Gases
17.5.6 Heavy Metals
17.5.7 Alkalis
17.5.8 Slag
References
18. Coal and Energy Security. 18.1 Introduction
18.2 Energy Security
18.3 The Future of Coal
18.3.1 Environmental Issues
18.3.1.1 Carbon Dioxide
18.3.1.2 Air Emissions
18.3.1.3 Solids Generation
18.3.1.4 Water Use
18.3.2 Electric Power Generation
18.3.3 Hydrogen from Coal
18.4 Sustainable Development
References
Common Conversion Factors used in Coal Technology
Glossary
Index
About the Author
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