Industrial and Medical Nuclear Accidents

Оглавление

Jean-Claude Amiard. Industrial and Medical Nuclear Accidents

Table of Contents

List of Tables

List of Illustrations

Guide

Pages

Industrial and Medical Nuclear Accidents. Environmental, Ecological, Health and Socio-economic Consequences

Preface

Acknowledgments

List of Acronyms

1. Classification of Civil, Industrial and Medical Nuclear Accidents

1.1. Nuclear accident or radiological accident?

1.2. Classification of nuclear accidents. Incident or accident?

1.2.1. Application of the INES in France

1.2.2. Application of the INES at the international level

1.2.3. Other classifications of nuclear accidents

1.2.4. The NAMS classification

1.3. Classification of radiological accidents

1.4. The typology of accidents

1.4.1. Criticality accidents

1.4.2. Accidents in nuclear power reactors

1.4.3. Losses of radioactive sources

1.4.4. Radiotherapy accidents

1.4.5. Terrorist attacks

1.5. What are the main nuclear accidents?

1.6. Information on nuclear energy

2. Accidents Related to Nuclear Power Production. 2.1. Introduction

2.2. Accidents in the nuclear fuel cycle

2.2.1. Uranium mines

2.2.2. Milling, conversion, enrichment and fuel manufacturing plants

2.2.3. Nuclear reactors

2.2.3.1. Accident at the Simi Valley nuclear power plant

2.2.3.2. Accident at the Lucens nuclear power plant

2.2.3.3. Nuclear accidents in Saint-Laurent-des-Eaux in 1969 and 1980

2.2.3.4. Accident at the Bohunice nuclear power plant

2.2.3.5. Accident at the Greifswald or Lubmin nuclear power plant

2.2.3.6. Three Mile Island accident

2.2.3.7. Serious incidents at various nuclear power plants

2.2.3.8. The Chernobyl and Fukushima disasters

2.2.4. Spent fuel reprocessing plants

2.2.4.1. French accidents at La Hague

2.2.4.2. Accident in Tokai-Mura

2.2.4.3. Incidents and accidents in Sellafield

2.2.4.4. Accident in Russia in September 2017

2.3. Accidents in laboratories. 2.3.1. Chalk River laboratories

2.3.2. French study centers

2.4. Other accidents. 2.4.1. Accidents in civil engineering

2.4.2. Accidents in nuclear propulsion

2.5. Waste management incidents

2.6. Incidents in the transport of radioactive packages

2.7. Environmental consequences. 2.7.1. Uranium mines

2.7.2. Tokai-Mura

2.7.3. Saint-Laurent-des-Eaux

2.7.4. Three Mile Island

2.7.5. Church Rock

2.7.6. La Hague

2.7.7. Chalk River

2.7.8. Simi Valley

2.8. Health consequences

2.8.1. Uranium miners

2.8.2. Workers in the nuclear industry

2.8.3. Simi Valley

2.8.4. Tokai-Mura

2.8.5. Lucens

2.8.6. Three Mile Island

2.8.7. Church Rock

2.8.8. La Hague

2.8.9. Chalk River

2.8.10. Ruthenium 106 releases in Russia in September 2017

2.9. The cost of accidents

2.11. Conclusions

3. The Extremely Serious Nuclear Accident at Chernobyl. 3.1. Introduction

3.2. The facts. 3.2.1. The Chernobyl site and the nuclear power plant

3.2.2. The accident

3.2.3. The core and the sarcophage

3.2.4. Atmospheric emissions

3.2.5. The dispersion of radionuclides

3.2.6. Radioactive fallout

3.2.7. Accident management

3.2.8. Countermeasures carried out at Chernobyl

3.3. Spatial and environmental consequences

3.3.1. Atmospheric contamination

3.3.2. Soil contamination

3.3.3. Surface water contamination

3.3.4. Groundwater contamination

3.3.5. Forest contamination

3.3.6. Contamination of the aquatic environment

3.3.7. Contamination of the marine environment

3.4. Ecological consequences of the Chernobyl accident

3.4.1. The three phases

3.4.2. Effects at molecular level

3.4.3. Genetic effects

3.4.3.1. Effects on flora

3.4.3.2. Effects on invertebrates

3.4.3.3. Effects on vertebrates

3.4.3.4. Adaptation to irradiation

3.4.4. Morphological and physiological effects on individuals

3.4.5. Effects on individual reproduction (sex, sex-ratio, fertility)

3.4.6. Effects on populations (age, abundance, longevity) 3.4.6.1. Effects on the abundance of flora

3.4.6.2. Effects on invertebrate abundance

3.4.6.3. Effects on vertebrate abundance

3.4.6.4. Effects on the abundance of large mammals

3.4.7. Effects on ecosystem structure and functioning

3.4.8. Partial conclusion

3.5. Health consequences. 3.5.1. Implications for large organisms

3.5.2. The main contributions to exposure

3.5.3. Population exposure. 3.5.3.1. Exposure of intervention personnel

3.5.3.2. Exposure of evacuated populations

3.5.3.3. Exposure of populations in the Chernobyl region

3.5.4. Cancer pathologies

3.5.4.1. Iodine 131 and thyroid pathologies

3.5.4.1.1. Thyroid cancer in children

3.5.4.1.2. Explanations for the increased sensitivity of children

3.5.4.1.3. Thyroid cancers in the adult population

3.5.4.1.4. Thyroid cancers in liquidators

3.5.4.1.5. A molecular sign of radiation-induced thyroid cancers

3.5.4.2. Leukemia

3.5.4.3. Breast cancer in women

3.5.4.4. Other solid non-thyroid cancers

3.5.5. Non-cancerous pathologies

3.5.5.1. Genetic and hereditary effects. 3.5.5.1.1. Chromosomal aberrations

3.5.5.1.2. Congenital malformations

3.5.5.2. Sensory organs and cataracts

3.5.5.3. Cardiovascular diseases

3.5.5.4. Other pathologies

3.5.6. Mortalities resulting from the Chernobyl accident

3.6. Social consequences

3.6.1. Psychological disorders among liquidators

3.6.2. Psychological disorders in evacuated populations

3.7. Consequences in Europe and France. 3.7.1. The impact of Chernobyl in Europe

3.7.2. The impact of Chernobyl in France. 3.7.2.1. Radioactive fallout

3.7.2.2. Environmental contamination

3.7.2.3. Exposure doses

3.7.3. Cases of thyroid cancer in France

3.8. Economic consequences

3.9. Long-term management of the Chernobyl accident

3.10. Conclusion

4. Fukushima’s Serious Nuclear Accidents. 4.1. Introduction

4.2. The course of the Fukushima accidents

4.2.1. The facts

4.2.2. Atmospheric emissions

4.2.3. Marine discharges

4.3. Actions taken by the Japanese authorities

4.3.1. Evacuation of the populations

4.3.2. Distribution of iodine tablets to children

4.3.3. Exposure limits for nuclear workers and the public

4.3.4. Regulatory values and food monitoring

4.3.5. Decontamination tests of crop production

4.3.6. Decontamination and waste management

4.3.7. The restructuring of the Japanese nuclear industry

4.3.8. Compensation of victims

4.4. Environmental contamination

4.4.1. Contamination of the atmosphere

4.4.2. Contamination of the terrestrial environment

4.4.2.1. Radioactive deposits on the ground

4.4.2.2. Radioactive particle deposits

4.4.2.3. Soil contamination

4.4.3. Forest contamination

4.4.4. Bird contamination

4.4.5. Contamination of freshwater environments

4.4.6. Contamination of the marine environment

4.4.6.1. River and atmospheric inputs to the Pacific Ocean

4.4.6.2. Contamination of ocean waters

4.4.6.3. Ocean general circulation modeling

4.4.6.4. Contamination of marine sediments

4.4.6.5. Contamination of marine organisms

4.4.7. Contamination of agricultural products and foodstuffs

4.4.7.1. The first findings

4.4.7.2. Products of freshwater and marine origin

4.4.7.3. Terrestrial products

4.4.7.4. Farm animals

4.4.7.5. Fruit trees

4.4.7.6. Mushrooms

4.4.7.7. Monitoring of radioactive contamination of foodstuffs

4.4.7.8. Transfer factors

4.5. Exposure and effects on flora and fauna

4.5.1. Exposure and effects on forests

4.5.2. Exposure and effects on birds

4.5.3. Exposure and effects on other terrestrial organisms

4.5.4. Exposure and effects on freshwater organisms

4.5.5. Exposure and effects on marine organisms

4.6. Health consequences

4.6.1. Consequences for the local human population

4.6.1.1. Exposure doses of the local population

4.6.1.2. Consequences on evacuees

4.6.1.3. Risk perception and mental health

4.6.1.4. Follow-up of pregnant women at the time of the accident and their children

4.6.1.5. The consequences for children

4.6.2. The consequences for nuclear workers

4.6.3. Consequences on the world population (excluding Japan)

4.7. Economic consequences

4.8. The situation in 2016 and 2017

4.8.1. The current situation of the Fukushima nuclear facilities

4.8.2. The time course of freshwater contamination

4.8.3. The first returns and return intentions of the evacuated populations following the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi power plant

4.9. Conclusions

5. Industrial and Medical Radiology Accidents. 5.1 Introduction

5.2. Industrial and medical applications

5.2.1. Non-destructive industrial testing

5.2.2. Industrial synthesis reactions and mechanical and chemical transformations

5.2.3. Environmental remediation and waste treatment by irradiation

5.2.4. Agri-food applications

5.2.5. Medical applications

5.2.5.1. Teleradiotherapy

5.2.5.2. Brachytherapy

5.2.5.3. Metabolic radiotherapy

5.2.5.4. Interventional radiology by fluoroscopy

5.3. Radiological criticality accidents

5.4. Radiological accidents related to the loss of radioactive sources

5.4.1. Loss of radioactive sources and public exposure

5.4.2. The main causes of loss of radioactive sources

5.4.3. Nuclear accidents related to the loss of radioactive sources

5.5. Radiological accidents with radioactive sources and industrial accelerators

5.6. Medical radiological accidents

5.6.1. Historical accidents involving the use of radiotherapy

5.6.2. Radiological accidents with medicinal radioactive sources

5.6.2.1. The facts

5.6.2.2. The causes

5.6.3. Brachytherapy and brachytherapy accidents

5.6.4. Interventional radiology by fluoroscopy

5.6.5. Secondary cancers

5.7. Conclusions

Conclusion

C.1. Comparison of the Chernobyl and Fukushima accidents

Different circumstances

Different air emissions

Atmospheric fallout and evacuation areas of various sizes

A single accident versus multiple accidents

Contrasting radioactive contamination for the environment

Contrasting effects for flora and fauna

Different health effects

C.2. Consequences of nuclear accidents on the physical environment

C.3. Ecological consequences of nuclear accidents

C.4. Adaptation of organisms to radiation

C.5. Health consequences of nuclear accidents

C.6. Social consequences and perceived risk of nuclear accidents

C.7. Probability of a new nuclear accident

C.8. Costs of civil nuclear accidents

C.9. Future of civil nuclear power

Glossary

References

Index. A, B, C

D, E, F

G, I, K

L, M, N

P, R, S

T, U, W

WILEY END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT

Отрывок из книги

Radioactive Risk Set

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To date, in France, there is an average of one to two transport accidents per year, resulting in a release of radioactivity into the environment. These events have had limited consequences on human health and the environment, as most of them are ranked 1 on the INES. In the most serious cases in France, classified 3 on the INES, low levels of contamination were detected and could be treated by specific decontamination operations [IRS 16b]. The IRSN regularly identifies the various incidents affecting the transport of radioactive packages [IRS 11a, IRS13a, IRS13b]. Thus, the IRSN [IRS 16b] lists 16 significant transport incidents from 1983 to 2007, but with no consequences for the environment or health impacts.

Incidents of level 3 on the INES concerning parcels are few and far between. In France, only one case was noted in December 2001 when Federal Express transported an incoming package with a dose rate above the regulatory limit between Sweden and the United States via Roissy airport. This incident was classified by the Swedish Competent Authority as a level 3 incident. Similarly, in 2004, the dose rate measured in New Orleans (United States) on a package from Sweden containing sources of iridium 192 was too high.

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