The Social Contract & Confessions

The Social Contract & Confessions
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In «The Social Contract» Rousseau theorized about the best way to establish a political community in the face of the problems of commercial society, which he had already identified in his Discourse on Inequality (1754). The Social Contract helped inspire political reforms or revolutions in Europe, especially in France. The Social Contract argued against the idea that monarchs were divinely empowered to legislate. Rousseau asserts that only the people, who are sovereign, have that all-powerful right. "Confessions" is an autobiographical book which covers the first fifty-three years of Rousseau's life, up to 1765. It was completed in 1769, but not published until 1782, four years after Rousseau's death, even though Rousseau did read excerpts of his manuscript publicly at various salons and other meeting places. He wrote of his own life mainly in terms of his worldly experiences and personal feelings.

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Jean-Jacques Rousseau. The Social Contract & Confessions

The Social Contract & Confessions

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Table of Contents

Confessions

Introduction. by S.W. Orson

Book I

Book II

Book III

Book IV

Book V

Book VI

Book VII

Book VIII

Book IX

Book X

Book XI

Book XII

The Social Contract

(Jean-Jacques Rousseau)

Introduction

Foreword

Book I

Chapter I. Subject of the First Book

Chapter II. The First Societies

Chapter III. The Right of the Strongest

Chapter IV. Slavery

Chapter V. That We Must Always Go Back to a First Convention

Chapter VI. The Social Compact

Chapter VII. The Sovereign

Chapter VIII. The Civil State

Chapter IX. Real Property

Book II

Chapter I. That Sovereignty is Inalienable

Chapter II. That Sovereignty is Indivisible

Chapter III. Whether the General Will is Fallible

Chapter IV. The Limits of the Sovereign Power

Chapter V. The Right of Life and Death

Chapter VI. Law

Chapter VII. The Legislator

Chapter VIII. The People

Chapter IX. The People (continued)

Chapter X. The People (continued)

Chapter XI. The Various Systems of Legislation

Chapter XII. The Division of the Laws

Book III

Chapter I. Government in General

Chapter II. The Constituent Principle in the Various Forms of Government

Chapter III. The Division of Governments

Chapter IV. Democracy

Chapter V. Aristocracy

Chapter VI. Monarchy

Chapter VII. Mixed Governments

Chapter VIII. That All Forms of Government Do Not Suit All Countries

Chapter IX. The Marks of a Good Government

Chapter X. The Abuse of Government and Its Tendency to Degenerate

Chapter XI. The Death of the Body Politic

Chapter XII. How the Sovereign Authority Maintains Itself

Chapter XIII. The Same (continued)

Chapter XIV. The Same (continued)

Chapter XV. Deputies or Representatives

Chapter XVI. That the Institution of Government is Not a Contract

Chapter XVII. The Institution of Government

Chapter XVIII. How to Check the Usurpations of Government

Book IV

Chapter I. That the General Will is Indestructible

Chapter II. Voting

Chapter III. Elections

Chapter IV. The Roman Comitia

Chapter V. The Tribunate

Chapter VI. The Dictatorship

Chapter VII. The Censorship

Chapter VIII. Civil Religion

Chapter IX. Conclusion

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Jean-Jacques Rousseau

The Social Contract

.....

As this severity could not draw from me the expected acknowledgment, which obstinacy brought on several repetitions, and reduced me to a deplorable situation, yet I was immovable, and resolutely determined to suffer death rather than submit. Force, at length, was obliged to yield to the diabolical infatuation of a child, for no better name was bestowed on my constancy, and I came out of this dreadful trial, torn, it is true, but triumphant. Fifty years have expired since this adventure--the fear of punishment is no more. Well, then, I aver, in the face of Heaven, I was absolutely innocent: and, so far from breaking, or even touching the comb, never came near the fire. It will be asked, how did this mischief happen? I can form no conception of it, I only know my own innocence.

Let any one figure to himself a character whose leading traits were docility and timidity, but haughty, ardent, and invincible, in its passions; a child, hitherto governed by the voice of reason, treated with mildness, equity, and complaisance, who could not even support the idea of injustice, experiencing, for the first time, so violent an instance of it, inflicted by those he most loved and respected. What perversion of ideas! What confusion in the heart, the brain, in all my little being, intelligent and moral!--let any one, I say, if possible, imagine all this, for I am incapable of giving the least idea of what passed in my mind at that period.

.....

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