Transfusion Medicine

Transfusion Medicine
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Explore this concise and clinically focused approach to the field of blood banking and transfusion therapy    The Fifth Edition of  Transfusion Medicine  delivers a succinct, thorough, clinically focused, practical and authoritative treatment of a full range of topics in transfusion therapy. This ranges from issues with the blood supply, recruitment of both whole blood and apheresis donors, blood collection and storage, blood testing, blood safety, and transmissible diseases. This edition has been fully updated and revised to include exciting cellular therapies for cancer, transplantation of both hematopoietic cells and solid organs, infectious diseases and regenerative medicine.  The Fifth Edition includes new authors with highly relevant content that provides a solid grounding for readers in the field. The book:  Is an approachable comprehensive guide to the field of blood banking and transfusion medicine Provides complete and timely perspective on crucial topics, including the HLA system in transfusion medicine and transplantation and quality programs in blood banking and transfusion medicine Is extensively referenced, making it simple for readers to conduct further research on the topics of interest to them Includes new chapters on pediatric transfusion medicine and pathogen reduction Has an expended chapter on patient blood management Provides extensive discussions of the clinical use of blood transfusion in a wide variety of clinical situations including recent development In the management of acute traumatic blood loss Provides updated information about blood groups and molecular testing making inroads into clinical practice along with discussions of laboratory detection of blood groups and provision of red cells Perfect for all those working in the field of blood banking, transfusion medicine and hematology or oncology and fellows in pathology, hematology, surgery and anesthesiology.  Transfusion Medicine  is a good introduction for technologists specializing in blood banking and non-medical personnel working in areas related to hematology and transfusion medicine. Transfusion Medicine will also earn a place in the libraries of practicing pathologists with responsibility for blood banks.

Оглавление

Jeffrey McCullough. Transfusion Medicine

Table of Contents

List of Tables

List of Illustrations

Guide

Pages

Transfusion Medicine

Contributors

Preface

1 History

1.1 Ancient times

1.2 The period 1500–1700

1.3 The 1800s

1.4 First transfusions in the United States

1.5 The discovery of blood groups

1.6 Anticoagulation

1.7 Modern blood banking and blood banks

1.8 Cadaver blood

1.9 The Rh blood group system and prevention of Rh immunization

1.10 Coombs and antiglobulin serum

1.11 Plasma and the blood program during World War II

1.12 Plastic bags and blood components

1.13 Cryoprecipitate and factor VIII

1.14 Red cell preservation

1.15 Leukocyte antigens and antibodies

1.16 Platelet collection, storage, and transfusion

1.17 Apheresis

1.18 Granulocyte transfusions

1.19 Summary

References

2 The Blood Supply

2.1 Worldwide blood supply

US blood supply

2.2 Amount of blood collected

Platelet production

Plasma production for transfusion

2.3 Management of the blood supply

2.4 Other activities of community blood centers

2.5 The plasma collection system

Plasma definitions

Federally licensed plasma collection and manufacturing organizations

Plasma collection activity

2.6 Nongovernmental blood bank organizations

AABB, formerly the American Association of Blood Bank

America’s Blood Centers

Plasma Protein Therapeutics Association

2.7 World Health Organization

2.8 Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies

2.9 International Society for Blood Transfusion

2.10 Regulation of the blood supply system. US Federal Regulation

Other required licensure

Voluntary accreditation of blood banks

College of American Pathologists Accreditation Program

References

3 Recruitment of Blood Donors

3.1 Demographic characteristics of blood donors

Gender

Age

Race/Ethnicity

Education and socioeconomic characteristics

Employment

Other social characteristics

3.2 Motivation of whole blood donors. Psychosocial theories applicable to blood donation

Integrated model

Theory of planned behavior

Giving and not giving

3.3 The donation experience and factors that influence continued donation

Social influences on blood donation and social media

Family history of donation or blood use

The donation situation

Organizational influences

Role of incentives

3.4 Whole blood donor recruitment strategies

3.5 Apheresis donor recruitment

3.6 Bone marrow donors

References

4 Blood Donor Medical Assessment, Collection, and Complications

4.1 Blood collection

4.2 Medical assessment of whole blood donors

Registration

Obtaining medical history

Patients with hemochromatosis as blood donors

Physical examination of the blood donor

Special blood donations

4.3 Collection of whole blood

Labeling

Blood bags

Anticoagulant preservative solutions

Selection of the vein and preparation of the venipuncture site

Venipuncture

Blood collection

4.4 Postdonation care and adverse reactions to blood donation. Postdonation care

Adverse reactions

Severe reactions to blood donation

Seizures

Nerve injuries

Hematoma, arterial puncture, and thrombosis

4.5 Therapeutic bleeding

4.6 Medical assessment of apheresis donors. General assessment

Plateletpheresis donors

Red cell loss

Blood volume shifts

Potential complications of serial donations

Platelet depletion

Leukapheresis donors

Plasmapheresis donors

Allogeneic donors for hematopoietic cell transplantation

Physical examination of apheresis donors

4.7 Adverse reactions in apheresis donors. General

Vasovagal reactions

Anticoagulation

Citrate toxicity

Circulatory effects

Air embolus

Hematoma

Mechanical hemolysis

Platelet depletion or damage

Lymphocyte depletion

Complications unique to granulocyte donation

Complications unique to plasmapheresis

Complications unique to mononuclear cell apheresis for collection of peripheral blood stem cells

References

5 Preparation, Storage, and Characteristics of Whole Blood, Blood Components, and Plasma Derivatives

5.1 Whole blood preparation and storage

5.2 Preparation of blood components from whole blood. Anticoagulant–preservative solutions

Blood processing for the preparation of components

Red blood cells. Description of component

Storage conditions and duration

Frozen or deglycerolized red blood cells. Description of component

Washed red cells

Leukocyte‐reduced red blood cells. Definition of component

History of leukodepletion

Leukocyte depletion filters

Fresh frozen plasma. Description of component

Storage conditions and duration

24‐Hour frozen plasma

Thawing of plasma

Liquid plasma (never frozen) Description of component

5.3 Cryoprecipitate. Description of component

Thawing

5.4 Platelet concentrates—whole blood. Description of component

Storage conditions and duration

Leukodepletion of platelets

5.5 Granulocytes

5.6 Irradiation of blood components

5.7 Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells

5.8 Plasma derivatives. General

Coagulation factor concentrates

Fibrinogen

Immune serum globulins

5.9 Pathogen‐inactivated blood components

Solvent–detergent plasma (Octaplas)

Fresh frozen plasma

Platelets

Red cells

5.10 Universal red cells

Enzymatic cleavage of ABO and Rh antigen

Masking ABO antigens

5.11 Blood substitutes

Potential clinical uses and impact of hemoglobin substitutes

References

6 Production of Components by Apheresis

Intermittent‐flow centrifugation

Continuous‐flow centrifugation

6.1 Apheresis instruments. Fresenius Kabi Amicus Separator

Fresenius Kabi Alyx

Terumo Trima Accel

Haemonetics Instruments

6.2 Plateletpheresis. Single‐donor platelet concentrates

Function and storage of platelets obtained by apheresis

6.3 Erythrocytapheresis

6.4 Leukapheresis for the collection of granulocytes

Hydroxyethyl starch in leukapheresis

Stimulation of donors with corticosteroid or G‐CSF prior to leukapheresis

Filtration leukapheresis

Function of granulocytes obtained by leukapheresis

Storage of granulocytes for transfusion

Donor–recipient matching for granulocyte transfusion

6.5 Leukapheresis for the collection of mononuclear cells

6.6 Leukapheresis for the collection of peripheral blood stem cells

Collection procedures

Effects of peripheral blood stem cell collection on normal donors

Characteristics of the peripheral blood stem cell concentrates

Quality control of peripheral blood stem cell concentrates

Storage of peripheral blood stem cells

6.7 Donor selection and complications of cytapheresis in normal donors

6.8 Plasmapheresis and source plasma

References

7 Laboratory Testing of Donated Blood

7.1 Background

7.2 Safety of the blood supply

7.3 Blood component testing

ABO typing

Rh typing

Red blood cell antibody detection

ABO antibody titers

Direct antiglobulin testing

7.4 Testing for transmissible diseases. General concepts of infectious disease testing

Testing in resource‐limited settings

Managing the results of infectious disease testing

Donor notification and deferral

Retrieval of prior donations and recipient notification

HIV testing

HIV antibody testing

HIV nucleic acid amplification testing

HIV confirmatory testing

Hepatitis B testing

HBsAg

Anti‐HBc antibody

Hepatitis B virus nucleic acid amplification testing

Hepatitis C testing

Hepatitis C virus antibody screening

Hepatitis C virus nucleic acid amplification testing donor screening

Human T‐cell lymphotropic virus testing

West Nile virus testing

Zika virus testing

Testing for babesiosis

Syphilis testing

Treponema pallidum : T. pallidum and non –T. pallidum testing

Chagas’ disease testing

Cytomegalovirus testing

Bacterial testing of platelets

7.5 Other laboratory testing. HLA antibody testing

Extended blood group antigen typing

Role of platelet antigen typing

Role of platelet serology

Parvovirus and hepatitis A virus testing

Hemoglobin S testing

Screening donors for IgA deficiency

7.6 Summary

References

8 Blood Groups

8.1 Red blood cell antigens and groups

8.2 ABO system

Genes and composition

A and B subgroups

Bombay type

Antigen distribution and subgroups

Antibodies of the ABH system

8.3 The Rh system

Discovery

Nomenclature and genetics

Structure and composition of the D antigen

Weak D, D variant, Du, and partial D

Rh null type

Rh antibodies

8.4 Other red cell blood groups. Kell system

Duffy system

Kidd system

Lutheran system

MNSs system

P system

Lewis system

LW system

Diego (Di)

Cartwright (Yt)

XG system

Dombrock (Do)

Scianna (Sc)

Colton (Co)

Rogers (Rg) and Chido (Ch)

Gerbich (Ge)

Cromer (Cr)

Knops (Kn)

Indian (In)

OK system

RAPH system

JMH system

GIL

Ii blood group antigens

Human leukocyte antigen

8.5 Antibodies to red cell antigens

8.6 Function of molecules containing red cell antigens

Red cell structure

Red cell function

Receptors and adhesion molecules

Transport protein

Complement regulatory molecules

Enzymatic activity

Microbial receptor

8.7 Platelets

8.8 Granulocytes

References

9 Laboratory Detection of Blood Groups and Provision of Red Cells

9.1 Immunologic mechanisms of red cell destruction

9.2 Methods of detecting red cell antibody–antigen reactions. Factors that affect agglutination

Direct agglutination

Techniques to enhance red cell antibody detection

Anti‐human globulin

Low‐ionic‐strength solution

Polyethylene glycol

Albumin

Enzymes

Sulfhydryl reagents

Techniques for detecting red cell antigen–antibody reactions. Slide/tile typing

Tube tests

Column agglutination tests

Solid‐phase tests

9.3 The antiglobulin test. Anti‐human globulin serum

The indirect antiglobulin (indirect Coombs) test

The direct antiglobulin (Coombs) test

9.4 Red cell compatibility testing

Positive identification of recipient and blood sample

Review of transfusion service records for results of previous testing of samples from the recipient

Medication and Biologicals

ABO and Rh typing

Antibody detection (screening) test

Selection of blood components of appropriate ABO and Rh types

The crossmatch

Full crossmatch

Abbreviated (ABO) crossmatch

Minor crossmatch

Computer crossmatch

Labeling and issue of the appropriate blood products

9.5 Red cell antibody identification

Chemical or enzymatic modification of test red cells

Elution

Adsorption

Neutralizing or inhibitor substances

Sulfhydryl reagents for distinguishing IgG from IgM antibodies

9.6 Strategies for making red cells available for transfusion. Blood availability

Standard or maximum surgical blood ordering

Type and screen

Emergency “crossmatch”

Uncrossmatched red cells

Factors that influence blood availability

9.7 Approach to the patient with an incompatible crossmatch

9.8 Hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn. Laboratory investigation

Monitoring the at‐risk fetus

Prevention of HDFN–Rh immune globulin

Weak D phenotype

9.9 Platelet compatibility. Selection of ABO and Rh type for platelet transfusion

Platelet refractoriness

9.10 Granulocyte compatibility. Compatibility testing for granulocyte transfusion

References

10 Clinical Uses of Blood Components

10.1 Blood component therapy

10.2 Transfusion of components that contain red blood cells. Physiology in red cell transfusion decisions

Effects of red blood cell transfusion on circulation

Effects of red blood cell transfusion on hemoglobin concentration

The red blood cell transfusion trigger (threshold)

Clinical uses of red cells

Bloodless medicine

Uses of specific red blood cell components. Red blood cells

Whole blood

Packed red blood cells

Clinical effects of stored red blood cells

Leukocyte‐reduced red cells

Washed red cells

Frozen deglycerolized red blood cells

Red cell production

Survival of transfused red blood cells

Immune system

10.3 Transfusion of components and derivatives that contain coagulation factors

Fresh frozen plasma

24‐Hour plasma

Plasma

Thawed plasma

Pathogen‐reduced plasma

Lyophilized or freeze‐dried plasma

Cryoprecipitate

Blood‐derived local hemostatic agents (fibrin sealant or glue)

Deficiency of multiple coagulation factors

Prothrombin‐complex deficiency

Massive transfusion

Disseminated intravascular coagulation

Deficiency of single coagulation factors. Deficiency of factor VIII

Deficiency of factor IX

Deficiency of fibrinogen or hypofibrinogenemia

Example

Example

Fibrinogen

von Willebrand disease

Blood group compatibility of components used to replace coagulation factors

10.4 Transfusion of platelets

Prevention of bleeding (prophylaxis)

Indications for transfusion

Platelet dose

Treatment of active bleeding

Prophylaxis for invasive procedures

Outcome of platelet transfusion

ABO and Rh in platelet transfusion

Lack of response to platelet transfusion (refractoriness)

Factors related to the patient

Factors related to the platelet concentrate

Strategies for managing patients refractory to platelet transfusion. HLA matching for platelet transfusion

Crossmatching for platelet transfusion

Other approaches to the refractory patient

Reducing the volume of the platelet concentrate

Prevention of alloimmunization and platelet refractoriness

Cold‐stored platelets

Pathogen‐reduced platelets

10.5 Granulocyte transfusion

10.6 Cytomegalovirus‐safe blood components

Neonates

Pregnant women

Hematopoietic progenitor cell transplantation

Kidney transplantation

Heart, heart–lung, liver, and pancreas transplantation

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome

Severe combined immune deficiency (congenital)

Patients receiving extensive chemotherapy

10.7 Graft‐versus‐host disease

Irradiation of blood components

Storage of irradiated components

Quality control of irradiation

Leukocyte depletion to prevent graft‐versus‐host disease

Pathogen inactivation and prevention of graft‐versus‐host disease

Indications for irradiated components. Allogeneic hematopoietic progenitor cell transplantation

Autologous hematopoietic progenitor cell transplantation

Hematologic malignancies

Aplastic anemia

Purine analog and other potent immunosuppressive drugs

Fetus

Neonates

Congenital immune deficiency

Solid tumors

AIDS

Granulocyte transfusions

Noncellular blood components

Components from partially HLA‐matched, related, or unrelated donors

References

11 Transfusion Therapy in Specific Clinical Situations

11.1 Acute blood loss and trauma. Physiology of blood loss

Blood bank/transfusion service procedures

Changing blood types

Massive transfusion

Coagulopathy in massive transfusion

Thromboelastography (TEG) and rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM)

Trauma

Recombinant activated factor VII for acute blood loss

Hemoglobin function

Hypocalcemia

Hypothermia

Acid–base balance

Microaggregates

Plasticizers

Electrolytes

Blood samples for laboratory tests

11.2 Cardiovascular surgery

Stored red blood cells in cardiovascular surgery patients

Autologous blood in cardiac surgery

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation

11.3 Hematopoietic cell transplantation

Before hematopoietic cell transplantation

After hematopoietic cell transplantation

Complications

ABO‐ and Rh‐incompatible transplants

Major ABO mismatches

Minor ABO mismatches

Rh(D) antigen mismatches

Immune cytopenias following marrow transplantation

Cytomegalovirus

11.4 Solid organ transplantation

Blood group antibodies following solid organ transplantation

11.5 Transfusion of patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria

11.6 Neonates

Red blood cell transfusions

Pretransfusion testing

Cytomegalovirus‐negative blood components

Irradiated, leukocyte‐reduced, and cytomegalovirus‐seronegative blood components

Transfusion of patients with T‐activation

Platelet transfusions

Granulocyte transfusions

Exchange transfusion of the neonate

11.7 Pediatric patients

Techniques of transfusion

11.8 Transfusion therapy in hemoglobinopathies. Sickle cell disease. Clinical indications for transfusion

Red cell antibodies

Transfusion reactions

Components

Thalassemia

Red cell alloantibodies

11.9 Hemophilia and von Willebrand disease. Hemophilia A and B

Treatment of hemophilia A. Desmopressin

Factor VIII concentrates

Treatment of hemophilia B

Factor VIII Inhibitors in hemophilia A

Management of factor VIII inhibitors

Factor IX inhibitors in hemophilia B

Management of factor IX inhibitors

von Willebrand disease

Treatment of types 1 and 3 von Willebrand disease

Treatment of type 2 vWD

11.10 Autoimmune hemolytic anemia

Decision to transfuse

11.11 Pregnant women

11.12 Acquired immune deficiency syndrome

Anemia

Thrombocytopenia

Leukopenia

Lupus anticoagulant

Disseminated intravascular coagulopathy

11.13 Transfusing patients with IgA deficiency

11.14 Autoimmune thrombocytopenia

11.15 Neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia

11.16 Neonatal alloimmune neutropenia

11.17 Autoimmune neutropenia

11.18 Rare blood types

References

12 Patient Blood Management

12.1 Evidence‐based guidelines for transfusion

12.2 Physician and health professional education program

12.3 Mechanism to monitor blood use and adherence to guidelines

Transfusion Safety Officer

12.4 Preoperative Anemia

12.5 Preoperative autologous blood donation

Medical requirements and evaluation for autologous blood donation

Collection processing and storage of autologous blood

Adverse reactions to autologous blood donation

Laboratory testing of autologous blood

Donation of autologous blood by patients known to be infectious

Use of erythropoietin to increase autologous blood donation

Indications for transfusion of preoperative autologous donated blood

Cost‐effectiveness

Complications of transfusion of autologous blood

12.6 Acute normovolemic hemodilution

12.7 Intraoperative blood salvage. Development of blood salvage

Devices used for intraoperative blood salvage

12.8 Postoperative blood salvage

12.9 Use of hemostatic agents to minimize transfusion

12.10 Limiting blood loss for laboratory testing

12.11 Directed‐donor blood

12.12 Patient‐specific donation

12.13 Minimal donor exposure programs

References

13 Pediatric Transfusion Medicine

13.1 Neonates. Neonates

Red blood cell transfusions

Pretransfusion testing

Red cell products used for neonatal transfusion

Transfusion of patients with T‐activation

Platelet transfusions

Granulocyte transfusions

Exchange transfusion of the neonate

13.2 Pediatric patients

13.3 Modifications of blood products for neonates/children. Minimal donor exposure programs

Cytomegalovirus‐safe blood components

Irradiated blood components

13.4 Transfusion techniques in children and neonates. Techniques of transfusion

13.5 Special scenarios in pediatric transfusion medicine. Hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn. Laboratory investigation

Monitoring the at‐risk fetus

Prevention of hemolytic disease of the newborn–Rh immune globulin

Rh typing

Neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia

Neonatal alloimmune neutropenia

References

14 Pathogen Reduced Blood Products

14.1 Pathogen Reduction Technologies

Methylene blue

Solvent–detergent

Amotosalen ultraviolet light

Riboflavin ultraviolet light

Ultraviolet C light

S‐303

14.2 Toxicity of compounds used for pathogen inactivation

14.3 Immunologic effects. Prevention of graft‐versus‐host disease

Alloimmunization

14.4 Factors that influence transmission of infection

14.5 Microbial killing capacity of pathogen reduction therapy technologies

Amotosalen/Ultraviolet

Riboflavin for platelets and plasma

Riboflavin for whole blood

S‐303

Ultraviolet C

14.6 Pathogen reduced blood products. Plasma

Solvent–detergent plasma (Octaplas)

Methylene blue plasma

Amotosalen‐treated plasma

Riboflavin‐treated plasma

Ultraviolet C light

14.7 Pathogen reduced platelet products. Ultraviolet C–treated platelets

Amotosalen‐treated platelets. In vitro and animal studies

Human studies

Riboflavin‐treated platelets. In vitro and animal studies

14.8 Red cells and whole blood. Riboflavin

S‐303

14.9 Conclusions from in vitro and animal and observational human studies

14.10 Clinical trials of pathogen reduced components. Platelets

Plasma

Red cells

Summary of clinical trials

References

15 Techniques of Blood Transfusion

15.1 Obtaining consent for transfusion

15.2 Venous access and the venipuncture

15.3 Transportation and storage of blood

15.4 Identification of the patient and blood component

15.5 Blood administration sets and filters

15.6 Infusion Devices

Infusion pumps

Pressure devices

Blood warmers

15.7 Infusion solutions

15.8 Starting the transfusion

15.9 Rate and duration of transfusion

15.10 Nursing care of patients receiving a transfusion

15.11 Transfusion techniques for neonates and infants

15.12 Transfusion of hematopoietic stem cell products

15.13 Transfusion in the nonhospital setting

References

16 Complications of Transfusion

16.1 Immunologic complications of transfusion resulting in transfusion reactions. Hemolytic transfusion reactions

Delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction

Hemolysis due to passenger lymphocyte syndrome

16.2 Nonimmunologic hemolysis mimicking a transfusion reaction

16.3 Febrile nonhemolytic transfusion reactions

16.4 Allergic reactions

16.5 Pulmonary reactions, acute lung injury, and transfusion‐related acute lung injury

16.6 Anaphylactic reactions

16.7 Hypotensive reactions

16.8 Reactions to platelet transfusions

16.9 Reactions to granulocyte transfusions

16.10 Reactions due to bacterial contamination of blood components

16.11 Signs, symptoms, and management of a transfusion reaction. Signs and symptoms of a transfusion reaction

Initial steps in the management of a transfusion reaction

Initial treatment of a transfusion reaction

16.12 Immunologic complications of transfusion. Immunization to blood group antigens

Alloimmunization to red cells

Alloimmunization affecting platelet transfusion

Alloimmunization following granulocyte transfusion

Transfusion‐associated graft‐versus‐host disease

Transfusion‐related immune modulation

Alteration of graft survival

Increased susceptibility to recurrence of malignancy

Increased susceptibility to infection

Long‐term mortality

Microchimerism

16.13 Nonimmunologic complications of blood transfusion. Hypothermia

Citrate toxicity

Bleeding tendency

Clotting tendency

Electrolyte and acid–base imbalance

Circulatory overload

Iron overload

Embolism

16.14 Passive transfer of hypersensitivity

References

17 Transfusion‐Transmitted Diseases

Likelihood of infection

Infectivity of Donor Blood

17.1 Syphilis

17.2 Hepatitis

Hepatitis A

Hepatitis B

Non‐A, non‐B hepatitis and surrogate testing

Hepatitis C

Other hepatitis‐related viruses

Hepatitis G

Hepatitis E virus

TT virus

SEN virus

17.3 HIV infection and AIDS

HIV laboratory screening tests

HIV‐1 antibody tests

Risk of acquiring HIV by transfusion of anti‐HIV‐negative blood (window phase)

HIV antigen testing

Nucleic acid amplification testing

Risk of acquiring HIV infection from transfusion of anti‐HIV‐1‐positive blood

Effect of transfusion on AIDS

17.4 Other transfusion‐transmitted viruses

Cytomegalovirus

Human T‐lymphotropic virus I and II

Parvovirus

Epstein–Barr virus

West Nile virus

Zika virus

Toscana virus

Human herpesvirus 6 and 8

Chikungunya virus

Simian foamy virus

Dengue virus

17.5 Transfusion‐transmitted bacterial infections

17.6 Transfusion‐transmitted parasitic and tick‐borne diseases

Malaria

Chagas’ disease

Tick‐borne diseases

Babesiosis

Granulocyte anaplasmosis

Lyme disease

Rocky mountain spotted fever

Leishmaniasis

17.7 Other issues with transfusion‐transmitted infections. Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease and bovine spongiform encephalopathy

Xenotropic murine leukemia virus‐related virus

Influenza

SARS‐CoV‐2

17.8 Other diseases of interest

17.9 Introduction of new test

References

18 The HLA System in Transfusion Medicine and Transplantation

18.1 The HLA system

Genomic organization of the human major histocompatibility complex

HLA haplotypes

Tissue expression of HLA

Structure and polymorphism of HLA molecules

Immunologic role of HLA molecules: peptide presentation

18.2 Clinical HLA testing for transplantation

Serologic typing of HLA antigens

Molecular typing of HLA alleles

HLA allele nomenclature

HLA antibody screening and lymphocyte crossmatch

18.3 The human minor histocompatibility antigens

18.4 The HLA system and transplantation

Solid organ transplantation

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

Transfusion practice in stem cell transplantation

18.5 The HLA system in transfusion therapy

HLA alloimmunization

Refractoriness to platelet transfusion

Transfusion‐associated graft‐versus‐host disease

Febrile nonhemolytic transfusion reaction

Granulocyte transfusion

Transfusion‐related acute lung injury

Neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia

HLA–disease association

Parentage HLA testing

18.6 Conclusion and summary

References

19 Cellular Engineering: Hematopoietic Transplant, Immune Cell Therapy, and Regenerative Medicine

19.1 Hematopoietic progenitor and stem cells. Increasing variety of sources of hematopoietic stem cells

Hematopoietic stem cells

Marrow

Peripheral blood stem cells

Umbilical cord blood

Hematopoietic stem cell preservation. Liquid preservation

Cryopreservation

19.2 General hematopoietic cellular engineering processes. Cell depletion. Red cells

T‐lymphocytes

CD34+ cell enrichment

Expansion

19.3 Umbilical cord blood banking

19.4 Adoptive immunotherapy

Tumor‐infiltrating lymphocytes

Chimeric antigen receptor T‐cells

T‐cell receptor–engineered T‐cells

T‐regulatory cells

Natural killer and activated natural killer cells

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells: donor leukocyte infusion

Dendritic cells

Virus‐specific T‐cells

19.5 Gene therapy for hereditary immune deficiencies and hemoglobin disorders

19.6 Immunotherapy for immune diseases. Autoimmune diseases

19.7 Mesenchymal stromal cells

19.8 Platelet‐rich plasma

19.9 Regulation of cellular engineering

19.10 Quality assurance and good manufacturing practices for cellular engineering

References

20 Therapeutic Apheresis

20.1 Clinical uses of plasma exchange

Neurologic diseases

Guillain–Barré syndrome

Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy

Monoclonal gammopathies

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica

Myasthenia gravis

Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome

Renal diseases. Goodpasture syndrome

Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis

Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis

Multiple myeloma

Hematologic diseases. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura

Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome

Autoimmune thrombocytopenia

Hyperviscosity syndrome

Cryoglobulinemia

Autoimmune hemolytic anemias

Cold agglutinin disease

Warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia

Alloimmune platelet refractoriness

Posttransfusion purpura

Red cell aplasia

Delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction

Coagulation factor inhibitors

Solid organ transplantation. Pretransplant

Posttransplant rejection

Collagen vascular diseases. Rheumatoid arthritis

Systemic lupus erythematosus

Scleroderma

Other miscellaneous diseases. Catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome

Wilson’s disease

Pemphigus

AIDS‐related idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura

Infectious and inflammatory diseases

20.2 Plasma exchange. Vascular access for plasma exchange

Techniques of plasma exchange

Replacement solutions

Biochemical changes following plasma exchange

Complications of plasma exchange

Vascular access

Replacement solutions

Apheresis procedure

Red cell depletion

20.3 Red cell exchange or erythrocytapheresis

20.4 Therapeutic cytapheresis

Myelogenous leukemias

Chronic myelogenous leukemia

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia

Thrombocytosis

Collection of mononuclear cells for autologous and allogeneic treatments

Complications of cytapheresis

20.5 Photopheresis

20.6 Therapeutic apheresis using selective adsorption columns

Familial hypercholesterolemia

Lipoprotein(a) hyperlipoproteinemia

Autoimmune disease treated with dextran sulfate columns

Immune disease treated with staphylococcal protein A columns

Therapeutic apheresis in children

References

21 Quality Programs in Blood Banking and Transfusion Medicine

21.1 Quality improvement systems and high reliability

21.2 Quality assurance in the blood supply system. Good Manufacturing Practices

International Organization for Standardization

American Association of Blood Banks quality program

Organization and leadership

Facilities work environment and safety

Human resources

Customer focus

Equipment

Supplies and material management

Documents and records

Labeling

Records management

Computers and information systems

Management of nonconforming events in blood product manufacture

Monitoring and assessment. Internal quality audits

Adverse reaction files

Process improvement

Standard operating procedures

Critical control points

Laboratory quality controls

21.3 Errors in transfusion medicine

21.4 Quality assurance in transfusion therapy

Blood supply

Hospital transfusion service operations

Transfusion procedures for blood and components

Quality assurance in patient therapy

Blood ordering practices

Medical indications

Blood management programs

Transfusion audit

Transfusion committee

Physician education

21.5 Summary

References

Index

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FIFTH EDITION

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The role of 2,3‐diphosphoglycerate in oxygen transport by red cells was discovered in the mid‐1960s [37, 38]. It had been known previously that this compound was better maintained at higher pH, whereas adenosine triphosphate, which appeared to be involved in red cell survival, was maintained better at a lower pH. The addition of adenine was shown to improve adenosine triphosphate maintenance and prolong red cell survival and storage for transfusion [39]. The next major advance in red cell preservation was the development of preservative solutions designed to be added after removal of most of the original anticoagulated plasma, thus further extending the storage period of red cells [40].

In 1926, Doan [41] described the sera of some individuals that caused agglutination of the leukocytes from others. Subsequent studies established the presence of leukocyte antibodies, the presence of these antibodies in the sera of polytransfused patients, the occurrence of white cell agglutinins in response to fetomaternal immunization, and the alloimmune and autoimmune specificities associated with these antibodies. These studies, along with studies of the murine histocompatibility system, led to the description of the major histocompatibility system (human lymphocyte antigens) [42] in humans and the understanding that there are separate antigenic specificities limited to neutrophils as well [43]. These studies also defined the causative role of leukocytes in febrile nonhemolytic transfusion reactions [44]. Strategies were sought to prevent these reactions by removing the leukocytes from blood [45, 46], one of the first methods being reported by Fleming [46], who discovered penicillin.

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Комментарий Поле, отмеченное звёздочкой  — обязательно к заполнению

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