Freedom Facts and Firsts

Оглавление

Jessie Carney Smith. Freedom Facts and Firsts

About the Editors

Also from Visible Ink Press

Contributors

Contents

Introduction

Purpose

Scope

Arrangement

Uses

Acknowledgments

Foreword

Movements. African American Art and the Civil Rights Movement

Black Arts Movement/Black Aesthetic Movement

New Negro Movement

Artists. Bearden, Romare (1912–1988)

Parks, Gordon (1912–2006)

Entertainers. Belafonte, Harry (1927–)

Cosby, Bill (1937–)

Goldberg, Whoopi (1949–)

Gregory, Dick (1932–)

Filmmakers. Grant, Joanne (1930–2005)

Lee, Spike (1957–)

Films. Birth of a Nation (1915)

Eyes on the Prize (1987)

Music. Music of the Civil Rights Movement

Music Entrepreneur. Simmons, Russell (1957–)

Singers. Anderson, Marian (1902–1993)

Charles, Ray (1932–2004)

Chuck D. (1960–)

Reagon, Bernice Johnson (1942–)

Reagon, Cordell (1943–1996)

Robeson, Paul(1898–1976)

Literature. Literature of the Civil Rights Movement

Writers. Angelou, Maya (1928–)

Attaway, William Alexander (1911–1986)

Baldwin, James (1924–1987)

Baraka, Amiri (1934–)

Bell, James Madison (1826–1902)

Brooks, Gwendolyn Elizabeth (1917–2000)

Brown, Sterling Allen (1901–1989)

Hansberry, Lorraine (1930–1965)

Hughes, James Langston (1902–1967)

Johnson, James Weldon (1871–1938)

McKay, Claude (1890?–1948)

Sanchez, Sonia (1934–)

Cities and Towns. Black Migration to Northern States

Jamestown, Virginia

Rock Hill, South Carolina

Ruleville, Mississippi

Freedom Celebrations. Black History Month/Negro History Week (est. 1926)

Juneteenth

Protests. Albany Movement (1961–1962)

Atlanta Race Riot (1906)

Back to Africa Movement

Birmingham Bus Boycott (1956)

Black Power Movement (1960s)

Bloody Sunday (1965)

Boston Riot (1903)

Cambridge, Maryland, Demonstrations (1963–1967)

Chicago Freedom Movement (1966)

Danville, Virginia, Movement (1963)

Detroit, Michigan, Race Riot (1943)

Detroit, Michigan, Race Riot (1967)

Don’t Buy Where You Can’t Work (1930s)

Durham, North Carolina, Sit-ins (1960)

East St. Louis, Illinois, Race Riot (1917)

Economic Boycotts and Withdrawals (1950s–2000)

Elaine, Arkansas, Race Riot (1919)

Freedom Rides from Washington, D.C., to New Orleans, Louisiana (1961)

Freedom Summer (1964)

Greensboro, North Carolina, Sit-ins (1960)

Hamburg, South Carolina, Race Riot (1876)

Harlem Race Riot (1935)

Harlem Race Riot (1943)

Harlem Race Riot (1964)

High Point, North Carolina, Sit-ins (1960)

Houston, Texas, Race Riot (1917)

Lexington, Kentucky, Sit-ins (1950s–1960s)

Longview, Texas, Race Riot (1919)

March on Washington (1963)

Memphis, Tennessee, Race Riot (1866)

Million Man March and Day of Absence (1995)

Million Woman March (1997)

Millions More Movement (2005)

Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955–1956)

NAACP Silent Protest Parade (1917)

Nashville Sit-ins (1959–1961)

Nashville Student Movement

National Welfare Rights Movement (1960s)

New Orleans Race Riot (1874)

New Orleans Race Riot (1900)

Newark, New Jersey, Race Riot (1967)

Non-Violent Resistance

Northern Student Movement (1962)

Orangeburg, South Carolina, Massacre (1968)

Poor People’s March on Washington (1968)

Portsmouth, Virginia, Sit-ins (1960)

Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom (1957)

Red Summer (1919)

Reparations

Resurrection City (1968)

Rochester, New York, Race Riot (1964)

Rodney King Riot (1991)

Sanitation Workers’ Strike (1968)

Selma to Montgomery, Alabama, March (1965)

Springfield, Illinois, Riot (1908)

Tallahassee Movement

Tent City (1960–1962)

Tulsa, Oklahoma, Race Riot (1921)

Underground Railroad

Voter Registration Projects

War on Poverty (est. 1964)

Race Consciousness. Black Pride

Bridging the Racial Divide

Speeches. Atlanta Compromise (1895)

“I Have a Dream” (1963)

Colleges and Universities. Alabama Agricultural & Mechanical University (est. 1875)

Alabama State University (est. 1867)

Alcorn State University (est. 1871)

American Baptist College (est. 1924)

Atlanta University (est. 1865)

Bennett College for Women (est. 1873)

Delaware State College (est. 1892)

Fisk University (est. 1866)

Hampton University (est. 1868)

Howard University (est. 1867)

Jackson State University (est. 1877)

Meharry Medical College (est. 1876)

Morehouse College (est. 1867)

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University (est. 1891)

Shaw University (est. 1865)

South Carolina State University (est. 1896)

Spelman College (est. 1881)

Talladega College (est. 1865)

Tennessee State University (est. 1909)

Texas Southern University (est. 1947)

Tougaloo College (est. 1871)

University of Maryland, Eastern Shore (est. 1886)

Virginia State University (est. 1882)

Integration of Colleges and Universities. University of Alabama and Vivian Malone Jones (1942–2005)

Curriculum. Black Studies

Educators. Appiah, Kwame Anthony (1954–)

Bell, Derrick (1930–)

Berry, Mary Frances (1938–)

Bethune, Mary McLeod (1875–1955)

Brown, Charlotte Hawkins (1883–1961)

Chambers, Julius L. (1936–)

Clark, Septima Poinsette (1898–1987)

Cleaver, Kathleen Neal (1945–)

Cooper, Anna J. (1858?–1964)

Cruse, Harold (1916–2005)

Du Bois, W.E.B. (1868–1963)

Duncan, Gladys (1896–2005)

Foster, Autherine Juanita Lucy (1929–)

Franklin, John Hope (1915–)

Hobson, Julius W. (1922–1977)

Horton, Myles Fall (1905–1990)

Johnson, Charles Spurgeon (1893–1956)

Josey, Elonnie J. (1924–)

Just, Ernest Everett (1883–1941)

Nash, Diane (1938–)

Reason, Charles Lewis (1818–1893)

Smith, Angeline Bailey (1908–1991)

Terrell, Mary Church (1863–1954)

Washington, Booker T. (1856–1915)

West, Cornel (1953–)

Williams, Jamye Coleman (1918–)

Young, Jean Childs (1933–1994)

School Desegregation. Central High School, Little Rock, Arkansas

Clinton, Tennessee, Schools

Nashville, Tennessee, Schools

Prince Edward County, Virginia, Schools

Protest Training School. Highlander Folk School (est. 1932)

Journalists

Baskin, Inez J. (1916–2007)

Bibb, Henry Walton (1815–1854) and Mary Elizabeth Miles Bibb (1820?–1877)

Brown, Tony (1933–)

Cornish, Samuel Eli (1795?–1858)

Fortune, T. Thomas (1856–1928)

Garvey, Amy Jacques (1895–1973)

Jarrett, Vernon D. (1921–2004)

Lampkin, Daisy (1884–1965)

McGill, Ralph Emerson (1898–1969)

Poston, Theodore (1906–1974)

Ruggles, David (1810–1849)

Russwurm, John (1799–1851)

Shadd, Mary Ann (1823–1893)

Trotter, Geraldine Pindell (1872–1918)

Trotter, William Monroe (1872–1934)

Vann, Robert L. (1887–1940)

Wells-Barnett, Ida B. (1862–1931)

Withers, Ernest C. (1922–2007)

Magazines. A framerican Women’s Journal (est. 1940)

The Crisis (est. 1910)

Opportunity (1923–1949)

News Services. Associated Negro Press (1919–1964)

Newspapers. Atlanta Journal-Constitution

Charlotte Observer

Commercial Appeal

Herald-Leader

Jackson Clarion-Ledger

Jackson Daily News

Tennessean

Attorneys. Davis, John Aubrey Sr. (1912–2002)

Farmer Paellmann, Deadria (1965–)

Gibbs, Mifflin (1823–1915)

Gray, Fred D. (1930–)

Grimké, Archibald (1849–1930)

Hastie, William Henry (1904–1976)

Hill, Oliver W. (1907–2007)

Hollowell, Donald L. (1917–2004)

Houston, Charles Hamilton (1895–1950)

Jones, Scipio Africanus (1863?–1943)

Jordan, Barbara Charline (1936–1996)

Langston, John Mercer (1829–1897)

Lee, J. Kenneth (1923–)

Looby, Zephaniah Alexander (1899–1972)

Marshall, Thurgood (1908–1993)

McKissick, Floyd (1922–1991)

Mitchell, Juanita Jackson (1913–1992)

Motley, Constance Baker (1921–2005)

Murray, Pauli (1910–1985)

Norton, Eleanor Holmes (1937–)

Obama, Barack (1961–)

Redding, Louis L. (1901–1988)

Ruffin, George Lewis (1834–1886)

Sandifer, Jawn A. (1914–2006)

Williams, Avon Nyanza, Jr. (1921–1994)

Civil Rights Commission. National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders

Civil Rights Laws and Cases. Adams v. Richardson (1973)

Affirmative Action

Bailey v. Alabama (1911)

Bates v. Little Rock, Arkansas (1960)

Boynton v. Virginia (1960)

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas (1954)

Bulah v. Gebhart (1952)

Civil Rights Act of 1875

Civil Rights Act of 1957

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Civil Rights Act of 1968

Declaration of Independence (1776)

Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857)

Fugitive Slave Act of 1850

Geier v. Tennessee (1968)

Guinn and Beal v. United States (1915)

Henderson v. U.S. Interstate Commerce Commission and Southern Railway (1950)

Morgan v. Virginia (1946)

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

Reconstruction Amendments

Sipuel v. Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma (1948)

Voting Rights Act of 1965

Executive Order. President’s Initiative on Race, Executive Order No. 13050 (1997)

Federal Commission. U.S. Commission on Civil Rights

Federal Officials and Intervention. Johnson, Lyndon B. (1908–1973)

Kennedy, John F. (1917–1963)

Kennedy, Robert F. (1925–1968)

The Military. Buffalo Soldiers

Civil War (1861–1865)

Davis, Benjamin O., Sr. (1877–1970)

Flipper, Henry Ossian (1856–1940)

Massachusetts 54th Volunteer Infantry

Triple Nickels

Tuskegee Airmen

Prisons. Parchman Farm Penitentiary

Resolutions. Anti-lynching Resolution (Senate Resolution 39;2005)

Groups. Act Associates (est. 1965)

Afro-American League (est. 1890)

Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights (est. 1956)

American Anti-Slavery Society (1833–1870)

American Missionary Association (est. 1846)

American Negro Academy (est. 1897)

Association for the Study of African American Life and History (est. 1915)

Association of Southern Women to Prevent Lynching (1930)

Black Cabinet (1930s)

Black Panther Party (est. 1966)

Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters (est. 1925)

Colored Farmers’ National Alliance and Cooperative Union (est. 1886)

Colored Merchants’ Association (est. 1928)

Commission on Interracial Cooperation (1918–1944)

Congress of Racial Equality (est. 1942)

Congressional Black Caucus (est. 1971)

Delta Ministry (est. 1964)

Fellowship of Reconciliation (est. 1914)

Freedmen’s Bureau (1865–1872)

Greensboro Bicentennial Mosaic Partnerships Project (est. 2004)

Housewives’ League of Detroit (est. 1930)

Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (est. 1964)

Montgomery Improvement Association (est. 1955)

NAACP, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (est. 1909)

National Association of Colored Women (est. 1896)

National Dental Association (est. 1900)

National Equal Rights League (est. 1864)

National Medical Association (est. 1895)

National Negro Business League (est. 1900)

National Urban League (est. 1911)

New Negro Alliance (est. 1933)

Niagara Movement (1905–1910)

Oval Table Gang (1960s)

People United to Serve Humanity (est. 1971)

Southern Christian Leadership Conference (est. 1957)

Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (1960–1970)

Universal Negro Improvement Association (est. 1914)

Leaders. Baker, Ella Josephine (1903–1986)

Carr, Johnnie Rebecca Daniels (1911–2008)

Farmer, James (1920–1999)

Forman, James (1928–2005)

Garvey, Marcus (1887–1940)

Hamer, Fannie Lou (1917–1977)

Hedgeman, Anna Arnold (1899–1990)

Height, Dorothy Irene (1912–)

Hope, Lugenia Burns (1871–1947)

Jacob, John Edward (1934–)

King, Coretta Scott (1927–2006)

Mitchell, Clarence M., Jr. (1911–1984)

Moon, Mollie (1908–1990)

Newton, Huey P. (1942–1989)

Randolph, A. Philip (1889–1979)

Robinson, Jo Ann Gibson (1912–1992)

Robinson, Randall (1941–)

Ruffin, Josephine St. Pierre (1842–1924)

Seale, Bobby (1936–)

Smith-Robinson, Ruby Doris (1942–1967)

Springer-Kemp, Maida (1910–2005)

Taylor, Susie King (1849–1912)

Walker, Maggie Lena (1867–1934)

White, Walter (1893–1955)

Wilkinson, DeLois Jackson (1924–2005)

Woodson, Carter Godwin (1875–1950)

Young, Whitney M., Jr. (1921–1971)

Abolitionists. Allen, Sarah (1764–1849)

Brown, William Wells (1814–1884)

Coker, Daniel (1780–1846)

Craft, William (1824–1900) and Ellen Smith Craft (1826?–1897?)

Delany, Martin R. (1812–1885)

Douglass, Frederick (1818–1895)

Douglass, Grace Bustill (1782–1842)

Douglass, Sarah Mapps (1806–1882)

Forten, James (1766–1842)

Forten, Margaretta (1815–1875)

Forten, Sarah Louise (1814–1883)

Forten Grimké, Charlotte (1837–1914)

Hall, Prince (1735?-1807)

Harper, Frances (1825–1911)

Jones, John (1816–1879) and Mary Jane Richardson Jones (1816–1910)

Martin, John Sella (1832–1876)

Nell, William C. (1816–1874)

Paul, Susan (1809–1841)

Pennington, James W.C. (1807–1870)

Purvis, Robert (1810–1898)

Purvis, Sarah Louisa Forten (1811?–1898?)

Remond, Charles Lenox (1810–1873)

Remond, Sarah P. (1826–1894)

Smith, James McCune, (1813–1865)

Still, William (1821–1902)

Truth, Sojourner (1797?–1883)

Tubman, Harriet (1820?–1913)

Vashon, John Bathan (1792–1854)

Walker, David (1785–1830)

Ward, Samuel Ringgold (1817–1866?)

Civil Rights Activists. Abu-Jamal, Mumia (1954–)

Allen, Mark (1962–)

Barry, Marion Shepilov, Jr. (1936–)

Bond, Julian (1940–)

Boyd, John W., Jr. (1965–)

Brown, Elaine (1943–)

Brown, Hubert (1943–)

Bunche, Ralph (1904–1971)

Carmichael, Stokely (1941–1998)

Chaney, James Earl (1943–1964)

Chisholm, Shirley (1924–2005)

Cleaver, Eldridge (1935–1998)

Davis, Angela (1944–)

Davis, Henrietta Vinton (1860–1941)

Dawson, William L. (1886–1970)

Denby, Charles (1908–1983)

Dukes, Hazel Nell (1932–)

Elliott, Daisy L. (1919–)

Evers, Charles (1922–)

Evers, Medgar (1925–1963)

Fletcher, Arthur (1924–2005)

Foster, Marie (1917–2003)

Jackson, Luther Porter (1892–1950)

Jordan, Vernon (1935–)

Jumper, Margie (1915?–2007)

Lewis, John R. (1940–)

Liuzzo, Viola Fauver Gregg (1925–1965)

Malcolm X (1925–1965)

McNeil, Joseph Alfred (1942–)

Meyzeek, Albert E. (1862–1963)

Mfume, Kwesi (1948–)

Mitchell, Parren J. (1922–2007)

Moore, Harry Tyson (1905–1951)

Moses, Robert (1935–)

Nixon, Edgar Daniel, Sr. (1899–1987)

Parks, Rosa (1913–2005)

Parrish, Charles H., Sr., (1859–1931)

Pickens, William (1881–1954)

Reed, Eugene T. (1923–2002)

Richmond, David (1941–1990)

Robeson, Eslanda (1896–1965)

Rustin, Bayard (1910–1987)

Simkins, Modjeska (1899–1992)

Steward, William H. (1847–1935)

Sullivan, Leon (1922–)

Underwood, Edward Ellsworth (1864–1942)

Walker, Wyatt Tee (1929–)

Young, Andrew (1932–)

Lynching Victim. Till, Emmett Louis (1941–1955)

Protest Letter. Letter from Birmingham Jail (1963)

Churches. African American Episcopal Church

Churches in the Civil Rights Movement

Sixteenth Street Baptist Church

Leaders. Abernathy, Ralph David (1926–1990)

Austin, Junius Caesar (1887–1968)

Bevel, James Luther (1936–)

Cleage, Albert Buford, Jr. (1911–2000)

Clement, George Clinton (1871–1935)

Crummell, Alexander (1819–1898)

Day, William Howard (1825–1900)

Dobbins, William Curtis (1934–1983)

Farrakhan, Louis (1933–)

Fauntroy, Walter E. (1933–)

Franklin, Clarence LaVaughn (1915–1984)

Garnet, Henry Highland (1815–1882)

Grimké, Francis J. (1852–1937)

Harris, Barbara Clementine (1930–)

Holly, James Theodore (1829–1911)

Jackson, Jesse, Sr. (1941–)

Johns, Vernon N. (1892–1965)

King, Martin Luther, Jr. (1929–1968)

King, Martin Luther, Sr. (1899–1984)

Lafayette, Bernard, Jr. (1940–)

Lawson, James M., Jr. (1928–)

Lowery, Joseph Echols (1924?–)

Muhammad, Elijah (1897–1975)

Powell, Adam Clayton, Jr., (1908–1972)

Ransom, Reverdy C. (1861–1959)

Shuttlesworth, Fred (1922–)

Smith, Kelly Miller, Sr. (1920–1984)

Steele, Charles Kenzie (1914–1980)

Vivian, Cordy Tindell (1924–)

Williams, Hosea Lorenzo (1926–2000)

Religious Education. Black Educational and Religious Intellectuals

Hope, John (1868–1936)

Johnson, Mordecai (1890–1976)

Mays, Benjamin E. (1894–1984)

Thurman, Howard W. (1900–1981)

Automobile Racing. Scott, Wendell Oliver (1921–1990)

Baseball. Aaron, Hank (1934–)

Bell, James Thomas (1903–1991)

Foster, Andrew (1879–1930)

Gibson, Joshua (1911–1947)

Jackson, Reggie (1946–)

Negro Baseball Leagues

Paige, Satchel (1906–1982)

Robinson, Jackie (1919–1972)

Walker, Moses Fleetwood (1857–1924)

Basketball. Abdul-Jabbar, Kareem (1947–)

Chamberlain, Wilt (1936–1999)

Lloyd, Earl (1928–)

McLendon, John (1915–1999)

Russell, Bill (1934–)

Wallace, Perry E., Jr. (1948–)

Bowling. National Bowling Association (est. 1939)

Boxing. Ali, Muhammad (1942–)

Armstrong, Henry Jackson, Jr. (1912–1988)

Johnson, Jack (1878–1946)

Louis, Joe (1914–1981)

Molineaux, Tom (1784–1818)

Cycling. Taylor, Marshall W. (1878–1932)

Football. Brown, Jim (1936–)

Grier, Rosey (1932–)

Motley, Marion (1920–1999)

Pollard, Fritz (1894–1986)

Tunnell, Emlen (1925–1975)

Golf. Elder, Robert Lee (1934–)

Rhodes, Ted (1913–1969)

Sifford, Charlie (1922–)

United Golfers Association (est. 1925)

Woods, Tiger (1975–)

Horse Racing

Olympics. Carlos, John Wesley (1945–) and Tommie Smith (1944–)

Coachman, Alice (1923–)

Owens, Jesse (1913–1980)

Rudolph, Wilma (1940–1994)

Tennis. American Tennis Association (est. 1916)

Ashe, Arthur, Jr. (1943–1993)

Gibson, Althea (1927–2003)

Washington, Ora (1898–1971)

Williams, Venus (1980–) and Serena (1981–)

Sports Writer. Lacy, Samuel Harold (1903–2003)

Bibliography

Index

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q-R

S

T

U

V

W

Y-Z

Отрывок из книги

Jessie Carney Smith is University Librarian and William and Camille Cosby Professor in the Humanities at Fisk University, Nashville, Tennessee. As scholar, researcher, editor, and writer, she has published over 20 books. Her works include Black Firsts, 2nd ed., and Black Heroes, both published by Visible Ink Press; other works include Notable Black American Women (Books 1-3), Notable Black American Men (Books 1 and 2), Encyclopedia of African American Business (two volumes), Epic Lives, Powerful Black Women, and Black Genealogy. Her numerous honors include being the recipient of the Women’s National Book Association Award, the Candace Awards in Education, Sage magazine’s Anna J. Cooper Award, Black Women in the Academy’s Distinguished Service and Leadership Award, Bennett College for Women’s Bell Ringer Award, and the ACRL/Academic/Research Librarian of the Year Award. A native of Greensboro, North Carolina, Dr. Smith is a graduate of North Carolina A&T State University, Michigan State University, and Vanderbilt University; she received her Ph.D. degree from the University of Illinois.

Linda T. Wynn is the assistant director for state programs for the Tennessee Historical Commission and a faculty member in the history department at Fisk University. A graduate of Tennessee State University, she also earned M.S. degrees in history and in public administration from that institution. Devoted to teaching on the topic of civil rights, she helped to design the module “Civil Rights Movement in Nashville” for The Beloved Community: Then and Now, a collaboration course among American Baptist College, Fisk University’s Department of History, and Lipscomb University. She edited Journey to Our Past: A Guide to African-American Markers in Tennessee and co-edited Profiles of African Americans in Tennessee. Other works include contributions to the Tennessee Encyclopedia of Culture and History, Tennessee Women: Their Lives and Times, Notable Black American Men (Book 2), African American National Biography, The History of African Americans in Tennessee: Trials and Triumphs, and African American Almanac. Wynn also served as a consultant and contributor for the Encyclopedia of African American Business.

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Notwithstanding opposition to Farrakhan and his supporters, marchers from all walks of life assembled at the Lincoln Memorial—the site of the historic 1963 March on Washington—and near the Capitol Building. Among the speakers were Dorothy Height and the Reverend Jesse Jackson. Farrakhan gave the final address. Reports differ on the size of the march. Although the National Park Service claimed that 400,000 marchers were involved, leaders of the march, as well as participants, claim that a million people did, in fact, participate. Al Edwards, a member of the Texas State Legislature, said in Crisis magazine: “I took part in many marches during the Civil Rights Movement but the Million Man March had a feeling that was unexplainable. You could feel the warmth and the brotherly kindness…. The march helped to rejuvenate my commitment. It was just so energizing.” Wendall Galloway of Largo, Maryland, said that “It felt good to be a Black man.” Among the spin-offs and other demonstrations were a simulation of black voter registration and cross-theological gatherings. The event attracted national attention and was deemed a success. Its long-term success, however, is difficult to determine.

Jessie Carney Smith

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