The History of Greece from Its Earliest Beginnings to the Hellenistic Age

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John Bagnell Bury . The History of Greece from Its Earliest Beginnings to the Hellenistic Age

The History of Greece from Its Earliest Beginnings to the Hellenistic Age

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Table of Contents

Introduction

Greece and the Aegean

The Heroic and the Greek Dark Ages

The Beginnings of Greece and the Heroic Age

SECT. 1. EARLY AEGEAN CIVILISATION (3rd millennium B.C.)

SECT. 2. LATER AEGEAN CIVILISATION (2nd millennium B.C.)

SECT. 3. INFERENCES FROM THE RELICS OF AEGEAN CIVILISATION

SECT. 4. THE GREEK CONQUEST

SECT. 5. EXPANSION OF THE GREEKS TO THE EASTERN AEGEAN

SECT. 6. THE LATER WAVE OF GREEK INVASION

SECT. 7. HOMER

SECT. 8. POLITICAL AND SOCIAL ORGANISATION OF THE EARLY GREEKS

SECT. 9. FALL OF GREEK MONARCHIES AND RISE OF THE REPUBLICS

SECT. 10. PHOENICIAN INTERCOURSE WITH GREECE

SECT. 11. GREEK RECONSTRUCTION OF EARLY GREEK HISTORY

The Expansion of Greece

SECT. 1. CAUSES AND CHARACTER OF GREEK COLONISATION

SECT. 2. COLONIES ON THE COASTS OF THE EUXINE, PROPONTIS, AND NORTH AEGEAN

SECT. 3. COLONIES IN THE WESTERN MEDITERRANEAN

SECT. 4. GROWTH OF TRADE AND MARITIME ENTERPRISE

SECT. 5. INFLUENCE OF LYDIA ON GREECE

SECT. 6. THE OPENING OF EGYPT

SECT. 7. CYRENE

SECT. 8. POPULAR DISCONTENT IN GREECE

Archaic Greece

Growth of Sparta - Fall of the Aristocracies

SECT. 1. SPARTA AND HER CONSTITUTION

SECT. 2. SPARTAN CONQUEST OF MESSENIA

SECT. 3. INTERNAL DEVELOPMENT OF SPARTA AND HER INSTITUTIONS

SECT. 4. THE CRETAN CONSTITUTIONS

SECT. 5. THE SUPREMACY AND DECLINE OF ARGOS. THE OLYMPIAN GAMES

SECT. 6. DEMOCRATIC MOVEMENTS - LAWGIVERS AND TYRANTS

SECT. 7. THE TYRANNIES OF CENTRAL GREECE

SECT. 8. THE SACRED WAR - THE PANHELLENIC GAMES

The Union of Attica and the Foundation of the Athenian Democracy

SECT. 1. THE UNION OF ATTICA

SECT. 2. FOUNDATION OF THE ATHENIAN COMMONWEALTH

SECT. 3. THE ARISTOCRACY IN THE SEVENTH CENTURY

SECT. 4. THE LEGISLATION OF SOLON AND THE FOUNDATION OF DEMOCRACY

Growth of Athens in the Sixth Century

SECT. 1. THE CONQUEST OF SALAMIS AND NICAEA

SECT. 2. ATHENS UNDER PISISTRATUS

SECT. 3. GROWTH OF SPARTA, AND THE PELOPONNESIAN LEAGUE

SECT. 4. FALL OF THE PISISTRATIDS AND INTERVENTION OF SPARTA

SECT. 5. KING CLEOMENES AND THE SECOND SPARTAN INTERVENTION

SECT. 6. REFORM OF CLEISTHENES

SECT. 7. FIRST VICTORIES OF THE DEMOCRACY

The Advance of Persia to the Aegean

SECT. 1. THE RISE OF PERSIA AND THE FALL OF THE LYDIAN KINGDOM

SECT. 2. THE PERSIAN CONQUEST OF ASIATIC GREECE

SECT. 3. PERSIAN CONQUEST OF EGYPT - POLYCRATES OF SAMOS

SECT. 4. IONIA UNDER DARIUS

SECT. 5. THE EUROPEAN EXPEDITION OF DARIUS: CONQUEST OF THRACE

SECT. 6. THE IONIC REVOLT AGAINST PERSIA

SECT. 7. SECOND AND THIRD EUROPEAN EXPEDITIONS OF DARIUS - BATTLE OF MARATHON

SECT. 8. STRUGGLE OF ATHENS AND AEGINA

SECT. 9. GROWTH OF THE ATHENIAN DEMOCRACY

SECT. 10. ATHENS TO BE A SEA-POWER

Classical Greece

The Perils of Greece - the Persian and Punic Invasions

SECT. 1. THE PREPARATIONS AND MARCH OF XERXES

SECT. 2. PREPARATIONS OF GREECE

SECT. 3. BATTLES OF THERMOPYLAE AND ARTEMISIUM

SECT. 4. BATTLE OF SALAMIS

SECT. 5. CONSEQUENCES OF SALAMIS

SECT. 6. PREPARATIONS FOR ANOTHER CAMPAIGN

SECT. 7. BATTLE OF PLATAEA

SECT. 8. BATTLE OF MYCALE AND CAPTURE OF SESTOS

SECT. 9. GELON TYRANT OF SYRACUSE

SECT. 10. THE CARTHAGINIAN INVASION OF SICILY, AND THE BATTLE OF HIMERA

SECT. 11. SYRACUSE AND ACRAGAS UNDER HIERON AND THERON

SECT. 12. RELIGIOUS MOVEMENTS IN THE SIXTH CENTURY

SECT. 13. SPREAD OF THE ORPHIC RELIGION

SECT. 14. IONIAN REASON

The Foundation of the Athenian Empire

SECT. 1. THE POSITION OF SPARTA AND CAREER OF PAUSANIAS

SECT. 2. THE CONFEDERACY OF DELOS

SECT. 3. THE FORTIFICATION OF ATHENS AND THE PIRAEUS

SECT. 4. OSTRACISM AND DEATH OF THEMISTOCLES

SECT. 5. THE CONFEDERACY OF DELOS BECOMES AN ATHENIAN EMPIRE

SECT. 6. POLICY AND OSTRACISM OF CIMON

The Athenian Empire Under the Guidance of Pericles

SECT. 1. THE COMPLETION OF THE ATHENIAN DEMOCRACY

SECT. 2. WAR OF ATHENS WITH THE PELOPONNESIANS

SECT. 3. CONCLUSION OF PEACE WITH PERSIA

SECT. 4. ATHENIAN REVERSES - THE THIRTY YEARS’ PEACE

SECT. 5. THE IMPERIALISM OF PERICLES, AND THE OPPOSITION TO HIS POLICY

SECT. 6. THE RESTORATION OF THE TEMPLES

SECT. 7. THE PIRAEUS - GROWTH OF ATHENIAN TRADE

SECT. 8. ATHENIAN ENTERPRISE IN ITALY

SECT. 9. ATHENIAN POLICY IN THRACE AND THE EUXINE

SECT. 10. THE REVOLT OF SAMOS

SECT. 11. HIGHER EDUCATION - THE SOPHISTS

SECT. 12. WARFARE IN WESTERN GREECE - TRAGIC EVENTS IN CORCYRA

SECT. 13. CAMPAIGNS OF DEMOSTHENES IN THE WEST

SECT. 14. NICIAS AND CLEON - POLITICS AT ATHENS

SECT. 15. THE ATHENIAN CAPTURE OF PYLOS

SECT 16. ATHENIAN CAPTURE OF NISAEA

SECT. 17. ATHENS FAILS IN BOEOTIA

SECT. 18. THE WAR IN THRACE - ATHENS LOSES AMPHIPOLIS

SECT. 19. NEGOTIATIONS FOR PEACE

SECT. 20. BATTLE OF AMPHIPOLIS AND PEACE OF NICIAS

The Decline and Downfall of the Athenian Empire

SECT. 1. NEW POLITICAL COMBINATIONS WITH ARGOS

SECT. 2. THE WESTERN POLICY OF ATHENS

SECT. 3. THE SAILING OF THE SICILIAN EXPEDITION - FIRST OPERATIONS IN SICILY

SECT. 4. SIEGE OF SYRACUSE, 414 B.C

SECT. 5. THE SECOND EXPEDITION

SECT. 6. CONSEQUENCES OF THE SICILIAN CATASTROPHE

SECT. 7. THE OLIGARCHIC REVOLUTION

SECT. 8. FALL OF THE FOUR HUNDRED. THE POLITY - THE DEMOCRACY RESTORED

SECT. 9. DOWNFALL OF THE ATHENIAN EMPIRE

SECT. 10. RULE OF THE THIRTY AND RESTORATION OF THE DEMOCRACY

The Spartan Supremacy and the Persian War

SECT 1. THE SPARTAN SUPREMACY

SECT. 2. THE REBELLION OF CYRUS AND THE MARCH OF THE TEN THOUSAND

SECT. 3. WAR OF SPARTA WITH PERSIA

SECT. 4. ASIATIC CAMPAIGNS OF AGESILAUS - BATTLE OF CNIDUS

SECT. 5. SPARTA AT THE GATES OF THE PELOPONNESUS (THE “CORINTHIAN WAR”)

SECT. 6. THE KING’S PEACE

The Revival of Athens and Her Second League

SECT. 1. HIGH-HANDED POLICY OF SPARTA

SECT. 2. ALLIANCE OF ATHENS AND THEBES

SECT. 3. THE SECOND ATHENIAN LEAGUE AND THE THEBAN REFORMS

SECT. 4. THE BATTLE OF NAXOS AND THE PEACE OF CALLIAS

SECT. 5. ATHENS UNDER THE RESTORED DEMOCRACY

The Hegemony of Thebes

SECT. 1. JASON OF PHERAE AND THE BATTLE OF LEUCTRA

SECT. 2. POLICY OF THEBES IN SOUTHERN GREECE, ARCADIA AND MESSENIA

SECT. 3. POLICY AND ACTION OF THEBES IN NORTHERN GREECE

SECT. 4. THE BATTLE OF MANTINEA

SECT. 5. THE LAST EXPEDITION OF AGESILAUS

The Syracusan Empire and the Struggle With Carthage

SECT 1. CARTHAGINIAN DESTRUCTION OF SELINUS AND HIMERA

SECT. 2. CARTHAGINIAN CONQUEST OF ACRAGAS

SECT. 3. RISE OF DIONYSIUS

SECT. 4. FIRST YEARS OF DIONYSIUS

SECT. 5. FIRST PUNIC WAR OF DIONYSIUS

SECT. 6. SECOND PUNIC WAR AND SICEL CONQUESTS OF DIONYSIUS

SECT. 7. THE EMPIRE OF DIONYSIUS

SECT. 8. DEATH OF DIONYSIUS - ESTIMATE OF HIS WORK

SECT. 9. DIONYSIUS THE YOUNGER

SECT. 10. DION

SECT. 11. TIMOLEON

SECT. 12. EVENTS IN GREAT GREECE

Macedonian Hegemony

The Rise of Macedonia

SECT. 1. ATHENS REGAINS THE CHERSONESE AND EUBOEA

SECT. 2. PHILIP II. OF MACEDONIA

SECT. 3. MAUSOLUS OF CARIA

SECT. 4. PHOCIS AND THE SACRED WAR

SECT. 5. THE ADVANCE OF MACEDONIA

SECT. 6. THE PEACE OF PHILOCRATES

SECT. 7. INTERVAL OF PEACE AND PREPARATIONS FOR WAR (346-1 B.C.)

SECT. 8. BATTLE OF CHAERONEA

SECT. 9. THE SYNEDRION OF THE GREEKS AND PHILIP’S DEATH

The Conquest of Persia

SECT. 1. ALEXANDER’S FIRST DESCENT ON GREECE

SECT. 2. ALEXANDER’S CAMPAIGNS IN THRACE AND ILLYRIA

SECT. 3. ALEXANDER’S SECOND DESCENT ON GREECE

SECT. 4. PREPARATIONS FOR ALEXANDER’S PERSIAN EXPEDITION AND CONDITION OF PERSIA

SECT. 5. CONQUEST OF ASIA MINOR

SECT. 6. BATTLE OF ISSUS

SECT. 7. CONQUEST OF SYRIA

SECT. 8. CONQUEST OF EGYPT

SECT. 9. BATTLE OF GAUGAMELA AND CONQUEST OF BABYLONIA

SECT. 10. CONQUEST OF SUSIANA AND PERSIS

SECT. 11. DEATH OF DARIUS

SECT. 12. SPIRIT OF ALEXANDER’S POLICY AS LORD OF ASIA

The Conquest of the Far East

SECT. 1. HYRCANIA, AREIA, BACTRIA, SOGDIANA

SECT. 2. THE CONQUEST OF INDIA

SECT. 3. ALEXANDER’S RETURN TO BABYLON

SECT. 4. PREPARATIONS FOR AN ARABIAN EXPEDITION

SECT. 5. GREECE UNDER MACEDONIA

SECT. 6. THE EPISODE OF HARPALUS AND THE GREEK REVOLT

SECT. 7. ARISTOTLE AND ALEXANDER

The Hellenistic Age

The Hellenistic Age and the History of Civilization

Alexandrian Literature

Hellenistic Popular Philosophy

The Social Question in the Third Century

Отрывок из книги

John Bagnell Bury

3rd millennium B.C. - 146 B.C.

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But there are clear enough memories of conflict and conciliation between the gods of the invaders and the older deities of the land. The legend of the war of the gods and the giants can hardly be anything else than a mythical embodiment of the conflict of religions; the giants, or earth-born beings, represent the older gods whom the gods of Greece overthrew. And we can hardly be wrong in regarding Cronos, whom Zeus dethroned, as one of those older gods. But Zeus, who dethroned him, became his son; that was the conciliation. In Crete it was somewhat otherwise. The god Minos had to make way for Zeus; he was reduced to the estate of a king; but he became the son and the speech-fellow of the god who displaced him.

The colonisation of the Asiatic coasts and islands extended over some hundreds of years, and it was doubtless accelerated and promoted at certain stages of its progress by changes and dislocations which were happening in the mother country. The ultimate cause of these movements, which affected almost the whole of Greece from north to south, was probably the pressure of the Illyrians; but we have no means of determining how these movements were related to one another as cause and effect; so that, although we may suspect their interdependence, it is safer to treat them as separate and distinct.

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