The African AIDS Epidemic

The African AIDS Epidemic
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This history of the African AIDS epidemic is a much-needed, accessibly written historical account of the most serious epidemiological catastrophe of modern times. The African AIDS Epidemic: A History answers President Thabo Mbeki’s provocative question as to why Africa has suffered this terrible epidemic. While Mbeki attributed the causes to poverty and exploitation, others have looked to distinctive sexual systems practiced in African cultures and communities. John Iliffe stresses historical sequence. He argues that Africa has had the worst epidemic because the disease was established in the general population before anyone knew the disease existed. HIV evolved with extraordinary speed and complexity, and because that evolution took place under the eyes of modern medical research scientists, Iliffe has been able to write a history of the virus itself that is probably unique among accounts of human epidemic diseases. In giving the African experience a historical shape, Iliffe has written one of the most important books of our time. The African experience of AIDS has taught the world much of what it knows about HIV/AIDS, and this fascinating book brings into focus many aspects of the epidemic in the longer context of massive demographic growth, urbanization, and social change in Africa during the latter half of the twentieth century. The African AIDS Epidemic: A History is a brilliant introduction to the many aspects of the epidemic and the distinctive character of the virus.

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John Iliffe. The African AIDS Epidemic

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THE AFRICAN AIDS EPIDEMIC

A History

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The limited capacity for expansion shown by the western equatorial epidemic during the 1990s had as its counterpart the survival there – perhaps especially in the countryside – of a diversity of HIV subtypes and recombinant forms far greater than anywhere else in the world. A more explosive epidemic might well have swamped this diversity by a single dominant strain more like those created by founder effects elsewhere. Yet it was from this region that the various forms of the virus were carried to the rest of the continent and the world. The most spectacular illustration was the transmission of the circulating recombinant form CRF01_AE from its hearth in the northern DR Congo and the neighbouring Central African Republic, where alone it was common early in the epidemic, to become the major strain of HIV in South-East Asia, although the means of this transmission are unknown.44 A less dramatic example was the other major circulating recombinant, CRF02_AG, which provided 60 per cent of HIV-1 strains in Cameroun during the 1990s, especially in the north, and some 54 per cent in Gabon. Its ancestors probably lay in the DR Congo – one of them was a virus collected at Yambuku in 1976 – but CRF02_AG itself was rare in both Congos during the 1990s and appears therefore to have taken shape in the Cameroun-Gabon region, whence it was carried northwards to become the dominant form of the virus throughout West Africa.45 By contrast, the subtypes (as distinct from CRFs) of HIV-1 transmitted to other parts of the continent appear to have been carried directly from the DR Congo. Subtype A was the most common form there, especially in the north, and was carried into East Africa, where it shared predominance with subtype D, itself rare elsewhere except in the DR Congo.46 Less certainly, subtype C, which came to dominate southern Africa (and Ethiopia), was common only in the south of the DR Congo, whence it may have been carried southwards.47 The history of this radiation from the equatorial region is the next issue to consider.

A majority of the men who died were involved in off-farm income generation, particularly those who had worked as itinerant traders. Others included carpenters, masons, and casual labourers . . . Only six of the deceased men could be strictly classified as full-time farmers. . . . As for the women, the majority of the deceased were, as may be expected, full-time farmers.23

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