Оглавление
John L. Anderson. Demystifying Research for Medical and Healthcare Students
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Illustrations
Guide
Pages
Demystifying Research for Medical & Healthcare Students. An Essential Guide
Preface
About the Companion Website
CHAPTER 1 Introduction: What is ‘Research’? The Aims of this Book
What is ‘Research’?
How Early Do we Start ‘Researching’?
But What Makes our Research a Science?
OK – So we all Do ‘Research’ but I Am Not Good Enough to Do Meaningful Research
Overview of Research Methods. Introduction
Quantitative Approaches
Observational or Non‐experimental Approaches
Experimental Approaches
Qualitative Approaches
Mixed‐Methods Approaches
The ‘Sciences’ of Research
Ontology
Epistemology
Methodology
Methods
To Sum Up
Final Word
References
CHAPTER 2 Experimental Quantitative Approaches: Laboratory Experiments. Introduction
The ‘Logic’ of the Experimental Approach
A Basic Experiment
Experimental Designs
Using Yourself as a Guinea‐Pig
Why Have a Control Group?
The ‘Hawthorne Effect’
Example 1: Martin Seligman's Learned Helplessness Experiments
Note about Giving Electric Shocks to Student Subjects in Research
Example 2: My Own Experiment
Randomisation
To Sum Up
References
CHAPTER 3 Experimental Quantitative Approaches: Real‐Life (Field) Experiments. Introduction
Example 1: The Nineteenth‐Century Cholera Epidemic in London
Example 2: The Paddington Station Experiment
Example 3: Urban Sound Planning in Brighton and Hove
Example 4: An Experiment to Examine T2DM Decision Making
Example 5: Reduction of Postoperative Pain by Encouragement and Instruction of Patients
To Sum Up
References
CHAPTER 4 Experimental Quantitative Approaches: Non‐randomised Clinical Trials. Introduction
Phase 0 Clinical Trials
Phase I Clinical Trials
Phase I Clinical Trials in Oncology
Phase II Clinical Trials
Safety in Clinical Trials
TGN 1412 Trial
Fialuridine
BIA 10–2474 Trial
Why Do People Take Part in these Trials?
To Sum Up
References
CHAPTER 5 Experimental Quantitative Approaches: Randomised Control Trials. Introduction
Equipoise
RCT Research Design
Blinding
Example 1: Streptomycin treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis
Example 2: Randomised, prospective, single‐blind comparison of laparoscopic versus small‐incision cholecystectomy
Example 3: Arthroscopic Partial Meniscectomy versus Sham Surgery for a Degenerative Meniscal Tear
Discussion
To Sum Up
References
CHAPTER 6 Observational Quantitative Approaches: Cohort Studies. Introduction
Example 1: The 1946 National Birth Cohort (MRC National Survey of Health and Development)
Example 2: The mortality of doctors in relation to their smoking habits – a preliminary report
Example 3: The Framingham Heart Study
Example 4: Psycho‐Social Aspects of Breast Disease and Its Treatment
Sampling in Cohort Studies
Data collection
Issues around Recruitment and Retention
Pros and Cons of Cohort Studies
Physical Activity and Risk of Ovarian Cancer: A Prospective Cohort Study in the United States
Critique
Beware!
To Sum Up
References
CHAPTER 7 Observational Quantitative Approaches: Case‐Control Studies. Introduction
Example 1: Smoking and Lung Cancer
The Case‐Control Study Approach
Example 2: Depression and disability in people with podoconiosis
Measuring Your ‘Suspect Variable’
Uses
Matching Cases and Controls
To Sum Up
References
CHAPTER 8 Observational Quantitative Approaches: Cross‐Sectional Studies (Surveys) Introduction
Example 1: Life Before Death
Example 2: Health and Sickness: The Choice of Treatment: Perception of Illness and Use of Services in an Urban Community
Example 3: Musculoskeletal Injuries in Real Tennis
Questionnaires and Interviews
Telephone and Online Interviews
To Sum Up
References
CHAPTER 9 Observational Quantitative Approaches: Cross‐Sectional Studies – Other Types of Study. Introduction
Example 1: Patients’ Recall of Information In a Rheumatology Out‐Patient Clinic
Using Cross‐Sectional Approaches Instead of Cohort Studies
Example 2: An Exploration of Listening Concepts in UK Medical Students
Example 3: A Study of the Use of Complementary and Alternative Medicines by Breast Cancer Patients
Studies of Patients’ Records
To Sum Up
References
CHAPTER 10 Qualitative Ethnographic Approaches: Using Participant Observation. Introduction
Example 1: Crime and Custom in Savage Society
Example 2: Street Corner Society: The Social Structure of an Italian Slum
Example 3: Boys in White: Student Culture in Medical School
Example 4: Being Sane in Insane Places
Discussion
Problems of approach
To Sum Up
References
CHAPTER 11 Qualitative Ethnographic Approaches: Using Interviews and Focus Groups. Introduction
Interview methods
Example 1: ‘A comparison of HIV‐related risk behaviour and risk reduction between female street working prostitutes and male rent boys in Glasgow’ and ‘HIV‐Related Risk Practices among Glasgow Male Prostitutes: Reframing Concepts of Risk Behaviour’
Example 2: Traditional Beliefs about Respiratory Infections in Children in a Rural Area in Southeast Nigeria
Focus Groups
Focused Ethnographic Study (FES) of ARI
To Sum Up
References
CHAPTER 12 Qualitative Ethnographic Approaches: Autoethnography. Introduction
Example 1: Studying Medicine with Dyslexia: A Collaborative Autoethnography
Types of Autoethnography
Example 2: Ulcerative Colitis: An Autoethnographic Case Study
The Method
Example 3: Being An Echocardiographer in the UK NHS: An Autoethnographic Study
Autoethnography vs. participant observation
To Sum Up
References
CHAPTER 13 Qualitative Approaches: Phenomenology. Introduction
Two Main Schools of Phenomenology
Descriptive Phenomenology
Interpretive Phenomenology
Example 1: The lived experience of postpartum depression: a phenomenological study
Example 2: The experiences of medical students with dyslexia: an interpretive phenomenological study
Example 3: Coping with Medical School: An Interpretive Phenomenological Study
To Sum Up
References
CHAPTER 14 Qualitative Approaches: Grounded Theory. Introduction
Grounded theory: an overview
Example 1: Handling Hopelessness –Doctor–Patient Interactions in Phase 1 Oncology Trials. Introduction
Methods
Results
Revision of Theory
Study Conclusions
To Sum Up
References
CHAPTER 15 Mixed Methods: Case Study Methods. Introduction
Case studies: an overview
Example 1: First clinical use of penicillin
Example 2: First Case of 2019 Novel Coronavirus in the United States
Case Series
Example 3: Coping with Medical School
Case 1: ‘Amy’
Case 2: ‘Jess’
Case 3: ‘Ryan’
To Sum Up
References
CHAPTER 16 Mixed Methods: Policy Analysis. Introduction
Analysis of an Existing Policy
Example 1: The Discovery of Hyperkinesis: Notes on the Medicalisation of Deviant Behaviour
Analysis of a Proposed Policy
Example 2: School Closure and Management Practices during Coronavirus Outbreaks Including COVID‐19: A Rapid Systematic Review
Methods
Results
To Sum Up
EXERCISE
References
CHAPTER 17 Mixed Methods: Multi‐Stage Studies. Introduction
Example 1: The Experiences of Medical Students with Dyslexia
The experiences of medical students with dyslexia: An interpretive phenomenological study
The Experiences of Medical Students and Junior Doctors with Dyslexia: A Survey Study
Example 2: An Experiment to Examine T2DM Decision Making
The Survey
The Experiment
To Sum Up
References
CHAPTER 18 Research Ethics and Governance: The Need for Regulation. Introduction
Guiding Principles
Past Abuses in Research. Let's Start at World War II
The Tuskegee and Guatemala Syphilis Studies
Guatemala Syphilis Experiments
Drug Testing in the Third World
Generally
Clinical Trials (Phase I Trials)
Falsification in Research
Corruption in research? Not in our time???
A Swine Flu Conspiracy?
Fraud in Research
International Regulations and General Principles
The Declaration of Helsinki
To Sum Up
References
CHAPTER 19 Research Ethics and Governance: Regulations, Approvals, and Permissions. Introduction
Research vs Practice
Not all Research Activities are Classed as Research by the HRA
Research Sponsorship
Chief/Principal Investigator (CI/PI)
Research and Development Departments (R&D)
Example 1: ‘Audrey’s story
Example 2: ‘Sunny's’ Story
How to Apply for HRA REC Approvals: IRAS – The Integrated Research Application Service
Good Clinical Practice (GCP)
Do It!
GDPR
Research Conducted Overseas
Research Passports/Honorary Contracts
Example 3: Kavi's Story
Student Safety
Competence
Publications
To Sum Up
References
Further Resources
Appendix A Research Skills: Obtaining Informed Consent. Introduction
Giving Information about the Research and What Is Wanted from the Potential Participant in Obtaining Informed Consent
Giving Oral Information
Giving Written Information
The Next Issue Is: Can Everyone Read it and Understand it?
To Sum Up
References
Appendix B Research Skills: Searching the Literature. Introduction
Conducting a Literature Search
The Grey Literature
De‐duplication
Keep Records of all Your Searches and the Results
The Prisma Diagram
Assessing the Quality of Published Work
Data Extraction
Data Analysis
References
Appendix C Research Skills: Laboratory Safety. Lab Safety Is a Serious Matter
The Researcher's Safety
Other People in the Lab
The Environment
Society in General
References
Appendix D Research Skills: Interviewing. Introduction
Unstructured Interviews
Phase 1: Introduction
Facilitation
Silence
Probing in Depth
Clarification
Re‐Focusing
Dealing with Sensitive Topics
Dealing with Tears
Endings
Managing Recordings
Transcribing Interviews
The One‐Question Interview
Multiple and Leading Questions
Interviewing People you Know
References
Appendix E Research Skills: Focus Groups. Introduction
Numbers
Participants
The Setting
Facilitator and Co‐facilitator
Issues of Social Power
Dominant/Reticent Participants
Dealing with Disclosures
The Structure of a Focus Group Discussion
Ground Rules
Communications Between Facilitators (Signals)
Additional Reading
Appendix F Research Skills: Analysing Qualitative Data. Introduction
General Thematic Analysis (GTA)
Framework Analysis
Colaizzi's Approach
Verification
‘Quantifying’ Qualitative Data
References
Appendix G Research Skills: Writing Research Reports. Overview
What do you Want to Say?
Writing in English as a Second Language
A ‘Writing Blank’
References
POSTSCRIPT
Index. A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
Y
WILEY END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT
