An Essay Concerning Humane Understanding

An Essay Concerning Humane Understanding
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Описание книги

This book analyzes the foundation of human knowledge and understanding. Locke describes the mind at birth as a blank slate (tabula rasa) filled later through experience. The essay was one of the principal sources of empiricism in modern philosophy, and influenced many enlightenment philosophers, such as David Hume and George Berkeley. Book I of the Essay is Locke's attempt to refute the rationalist notion of innate ideas. Book II sets out his theory of ideas, including his distinction between passively acquired simple ideas, such as «red», «sweet», «round», etc., and actively built complex ideas, such as numbers, causes and effects, abstract ideas, ideas of substances, identity, and diversity. Book III is concerned with language and Book IV with knowledge, including intuition, mathematics, moral philosophy, natural philosophy («science»), faith, and opinion.

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John Locke. An Essay Concerning Humane Understanding

An Essay Concerning Humane Understanding

Table of Contents

VOLUME 1

Table of Contents

MY LORD,

MY LORD,

JOHN LOCKE

THE EPISTLE TO THE READER

READER,

ESSAY CONCERNING HUMAN UNDERSTANDING

INTRODUCTION

BOOK I—NEITHER PRINCIPLES NOR IDEAS ARE INNATE

CHAPTER I.—NO INNATE SPECULATIVE PRINCIPLES

CHAPTER II.—NO INNATE PRACTICAL PRINCIPLES

CHAPTER III.—OTHER CONSIDERATIONS CONCERNING INNATE PRINCIPLES, BOTH SPECULATIVE AND PRACTICAL

BOOK II—OF IDEAS

CHAPTER I.—OF IDEAS IN GENERAL, AND THEIR ORIGINAL

CHAPTER II.—OF SIMPLE IDEAS

CHAPTER III.—OF SIMPLE IDEAS OF SENSE

CHAPTER IV.—IDEA OF SOLIDITY

CHAPTER V.—OF SIMPLE IDEAS OF DIVERS SENSES

CHAPTER VI.—OF SIMPLE IDEAS OF REFLECTION

CHAPTER VII.—OF SIMPLE IDEAS OF BOTH SENSATION AND REFLECTION

CHAPTER VIII.—SOME FURTHER CONSIDERATIONS CONCERNING OUR SIMPLE IDEAS OF SENSATION

CHAPTER IX.—OF PERCEPTION

CHAPTER X.—OF RETENTION

CHAPTER XI.—OF DISCERNING, AND OTHER OPERATIONS OF THE MIND

CHAPTER XII.—OF COMPLEX IDEAS

CHAPTER XIII.—COMPLEX IDEAS OF SIMPLE MODES:—AND FIRST, OF THE SIMPLE MODES OF IDEA OF SPACE

CHAPTER XIV.—IDEA OF DURATION AND ITS SIMPLE MODES

CHAPTER XV.—IDEAS OF DURATION AND EXPANSION, CONSIDERED TOGETHER

CHAPTER XVI.—IDEA OF NUMBER

CHAPTER XVII.—OF INFINITY

CHAPTER XVIII.—OTHER SIMPLE MODES

CHAPTER XIX.—OF THE MODES OF THINKING

CHAPTER XX.—OF MODES OF PLEASURE AND PAIN

CHAPTER XXI.—OF POWER

CHAPTER XXII.—OF MIXED MODES

CHAPTER XXIII.—OF OUR COMPLEX IDEAS OF SUBSTANCES

CHAPTER XXIV.—OF COLLECTIVE IDEAS OF SUBSTANCES

CHAPTER XXV.—OF RELATION

CHAPTER XXVI.—OF CAUSE AND EFFECT, AND OTHER RELATIONS

CHAPTER XXVII.—OF IDENTITY AND DIVERSITY

24

CHAPTER XXVIII.—OF OTHER RELATIONS

CHAPTER XXIX.—OF CLEAR AND OBSCURE, DISTINCT AND CONFUSED IDEAS

CHAPTER XXX.—OF REAL AND FANTASTICAL IDEAS

CHAPTER XXXI.—OF ADEQUATE AND INADEQUATE IDEAS

CHAPTER XXXII.—OF TRUE AND FALSE IDEAS

CHAPTER XXXIII.—OF THE ASSOCIATION OF IDEAS

END OF VOLUME I

VOLUME 2

Table of Contents

BOOK III. OF WORDS

CHAPTER I

OF WORDS OR LANGUAGE IN GENERAL

CHAPTER II

OF THE SIGNIFICATION OF WORDS

CHAPTER III

OF GENERAL TERMS

CHAPTER IV

OF THE NAMES OF SIMPLE IDEAS

CHAPTER V

OF THE NAMES OF MIXED MODES AND RELATIONS

CHAPTER VI

OF THE NAMES OF SUBSTANCES

CHAPTER VII

OF PARTICLES

CHAPTER VIII

OF ABSTRACT AND CONCRETE TERMS

CHAPTER IX

OF THE IMPERFECTION OF WORDS

CHAPTER X

OF THE ABUSE OF WORDS

CHAPTER XI

OF THE REMEDIES OF THE FOREGOING IMPERFECTIONS AND ABUSES OF WORDS

BOOK IV

OF KNOWLEDGE AND PROBABILITY SYNOPSIS OF THE FOURTH BOOK

CHAPTER I

OF KNOWLEDGE IN GENERAL

CHAPTER II

OF THE DEGREES OF OUR KNOWLEDGE

CHAPTER III

OF THE EXTENT OF HUMAN KNOWLEDGE

CHAPTER IV. OF THE REALITY OF KNOWLEDGE

CHAPTER V. OF TRUTH IN GENERAL

CHAPTER VI. OF UNIVERSAL PROPOSITIONS: THEIR TRUTH AND CERTAINTY

CHAPTER VII. OF MAXIMS

CHAPTER VIII. OF TRIFLING PROPOSITIONS

CHAPTER IX. OF OUR THREEFOLD KNOWLEDGE OF EXISTENCE

CHAPTER X. OF OUR KNOWLEDGE OF THE EXISTENCE OF A GOD

CHAPTER XI

OF OUR KNOWLEDGE OF THE EXISTENCE OF OTHER THINGS

CHAPTER XII. OF THE IMPROVEMENT OF OUR KNOWLEDGE

CHAPTER XIII

SOME FURTHER CONSIDERATIONS CONCERNING OUR KNOWLEDGE

CHAPTER XIV. OF JUDGMENT

CHAPTER XV. OF PROBABILITY

CHAPTER XVI. OF THE DEGREES OF ASSENT

CHAPTER XVII. OF REASON

CHAPTER XVIII

OF FAITH AND REASON, AND THEIR DISTINCT PROVINCES

CHAPTER XIX. [not in early editions]

CHAPTER XX

OF WRONG ASSENT, OR ERROR

I. WANT OF PROOFS. II. WANT OF ABILITY TO USE THEM. III. WANT OF WILL TO SEE THEM. IV. WRONG MEASURES OF PROBABILITY

I. PROPOSITIONS THAT ARE IN THEMSELVES CERTAIN AND EVIDENT, BUT DOUBTFUL AND FALSE, TAKEN UP FOR PRINCIPLES. II. RECEIVED HYPOTHESES. III. PREDOMINANT PASSIONS OR INCLINATIONS. IV. AUTHORITY

CHAPTER XXI

OF THE DIVISION OF THE SCIENCES

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John Locke

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CHAPTER XXII.—OF MIXED MODES.

CHAPTER XXIII.—OF OUR COMPLEX IDEAS OF SUBSTANCES.

.....

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