Modern Painters

Modern Painters
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Modern Painters is a five-volume work by the eminent Victorian art critic, John Ruskin. The work placed emphasis on symbolism in art, expressed through nature and it was influential on the early development of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood. Ruskin wrote Modern Paintings for 17 years updating it and adding later volumes in subsequent years. The book was primarily written as a defense of the later work of J. M. W. Turner. Ruskin argues that recent painters emerging from the tradition of the picturesque are superior in the art of landscape to the old masters. He used the book to argue that art should devote itself to the accurate documentation of nature. In Ruskin's view, Turner had developed from early detailed documentation of nature to a later more profound insight into natural forces and atmospheric effects.

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John Ruskin. Modern Painters

Modern Painters

Table of Contents

Volume 1

Table of Contents

PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION

PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION

PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION

PREFACE TO NEW EDITION (1873)

PART I. OF GENERAL PRINCIPLES

SECTION I. OF THE NATURE OF THE IDEAS CONVEYABLE BY ART

CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTORY

CHAPTER II. DEFINITION OF GREATNESS IN ART

CHAPTER III. OF IDEAS OF POWER

CHAPTER IV. OF IDEAS OF IMITATION

CHAPTER V. OF IDEAS OF TRUTH

CHAPTER VI. OF IDEAS OF BEAUTY

CHAPTER VII. OF IDEAS OF RELATION

SECTION II. OF POWER

CHAPTER I. GENERAL PRINCIPLES RESPECTING IDEAS OF POWER

CHAPTER II. OF IDEAS OF POWER, AS THEY ARE DEPENDENT UPON EXECUTION

CHAPTER III. OF THE SUBLIME

PART II. OF TRUTH

SECTION I. GENERAL PRINCIPLES RESPECTING IDEAS OF TRUTH

CHAPTER I. OF IDEAS OF TRUTH IN THEIR CONNECTION WITH THOSE OF. BEAUTY AND RELATION

CHAPTER II. THAT THE TRUTH OF NATURE IS NOT TO BE DISCERNED BY. THE UNEDUCATED SENSES

CHAPTER III. OF THE RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF TRUTHS:—FIRST, THAT. PARTICULAR TRUTHS ARE MORE IMPORTANT THAN GENERAL. ONES

CHAPTER IV. OF THE RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF TRUTHS:—SECONDLY, THAT. RARE TRUTHS ARE MORE IMPORTANT THAN FREQUENT ONES

CHAPTER V. OF THE RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF TRUTHS:—THIRDLY, THAT. TRUTHS OF COLOR ARE THE LEAST IMPORTANT OF ALL TRUTHS

CHAPTER VI. RECAPITULATION

CHAPTER VII. GENERAL APPLICATION OF THE FOREGOING PRINCIPLES

SECTION II. OF GENERAL TRUTHS

CHAPTER I. OF TRUTH OF TONE

CHAPTER II. OF TRUTH OF COLOR

CHAPTER III. OF TRUTH OF CHIAROSCURO

CHAPTER IV. OF TRUTH OF SPACE:—FIRST AS DEPENDENT ON THE FOCUS. OF THE EYE.23

CHAPTER V. OF TRUTH OF SPACE:—SECONDLY, AS ITS APPEARANCE IS. DEPENDENT ON THE POWER OF THE EYE

SECTION III. OF TRUTH OF SKIES

CHAPTER I. OF THE OPEN SKY

CHAPTER II. OF TRUTH OF CLOUDS:—FIRST, OF THE REGION OF THE CIRRUS

CHAPTER III. OF TRUTH OF CLOUDS:—SECONDLY, OF THE CENTRAL CLOUD. REGION

CHAPTER IV. OF TRUTH OF CLOUDS: THIRDLY, OF THE REGION OF THE. RAIN-CLOUD

CHAPTER V. EFFECTS OF LIGHT RENDERED BY MODERN ART

SECTION IV. OF TRUTH OF EARTH

CHAPTER I. OF GENERAL STRUCTURE

CHAPTER II. OF THE CENTRAL MOUNTAINS

CHAPTER III. OF THE INFERIOR MOUNTAINS

CHAPTER IV. OF THE FOREGROUND

SECTION V. OF TRUTH OF WATER

CHAPTER I. OF WATER, AS PAINTED BY THE ANCIENTS

CHAPTER II. OF WATER, AS PAINTED BY THE MODERNS

CHAPTER III. OF WATER, AS PAINTED BY TURNER

SECTION VI. OF TRUTH OF VEGETATION.—CONCLUSION

CHAPTER I. OF TRUTH OF VEGETATION

CHAPTER II. GENERAL REMARKS RESPECTING THE TRUTH OF TURNER

CHAPTER III. CONCLUSION.—MODERN ART AND MODERN CRITICISM

POSTSCRIPT

Volume 2

Table of Contents

PART III. OF IDEAS OF BEAUTY

SECTION I. OF THE THEORETIC FACULTY

CHAPTER I. OF THE RANK AND RELATIONS OF THE THEORETIC FACULTY

CHAPTER II. OF THE THEORETIC FACULTY AS CONCERNED WITH PLEASURES OF SENSE

CHAPTER III. OF ACCURACY AND INACCURACY IN IMPRESSIONS OF SENSE

CHAPTER IV. OF FALSE OPINIONS HELD CONCERNING BEAUTY

CHAPTER V. OF TYPICAL BEAUTY:—FIRST, OF INFINITY, OR THE TYPE OF DIVINE INCOMPREHENSIBILITY

CHAPTER VI. OF UNITY, OR THE TYPE OF THE DIVINE COMPREHENSIVENESS

CHAPTER VII. OF REPOSE, OR THE TYPE OF DIVINE PERMANENCE

CHAPTER VIII. OF SYMMETRY, OR THE TYPE OF DIVINE JUSTICE

CHAPTER IX. OF PURITY, OR THE TYPE OF DIVINE ENERGY

CHAPTER X. OF MODERATION, OR THE TYPE OF GOVERNMENT BY LAW

CHAPTER XI. GENERAL INFERENCES RESPECTING TYPICAL BEAUTY

CHAPTER XII. OF VITAL BEAUTY. FIRST, AS RELATIVE

CHAPTER XIII. OF VITAL BEAUTY.—SECONDLY AS GENERIC

CHAPTER XIV. OF VITAL BEAUTY.—THIRDLY, IN MAN

CHAPTER XV. GENERAL CONCLUSIONS RESPECTING THE THEORETIC FACULTY

SECTION II. OF THE IMAGINATIVE FACULTY

CHAPTER I. OF THE THREE FORMS OF IMAGINATION

CHAPTER II. OF IMAGINATION ASSOCIATIVE

CHAPTER III. OF IMAGINATION PENETRATIVE

CHAPTER IV. OF IMAGINATION CONTEMPLATIVE

CHAPTER V. OF THE SUPERHUMAN IDEAL

ADDENDA

Volume 3

Table of Contents

PART IV. OF MANY THINGS

PREFACE

CHAPTER I. OF THE RECEIVED OPINIONS TOUCHING THE "GRAND STYLE."

CHAPTER II. OF REALIZATION

CHAPTER III. OF THE REAL NATURE OF GREATNESS OF STYLE

CHAPTER IV. OF THE FALSE IDEAL:—FIRST, RELIGIOUS

CHAPTER V. OF THE FALSE IDEAL:—SECONDLY, PROFANE

CHAPTER VI. OF THE TRUE IDEAL:—FIRST, PURIST

CHAPTER VII. OF THE TRUE IDEAL:—SECONDLY, NATURALIST

CHAPTER VIII. OF THE TRUE IDEAL: THIRDLY, GROTESQUE

CHAPTER IX. OF FINISH

CHAPTER X. OF THE USE OF PICTURES

CHAPTER XI. OF THE NOVELTY OF LANDSCAPE

CHAPTER XII. OF THE PATHETIC FALLACY

CHAPTER XIII. OF CLASSICAL LANDSCAPE

CHAPTER XIV. OF MEDIÆVAL LANDSCAPE:—FIRST, THE FIELDS

CHAPTER XV. OF MEDIÆVAL LANDSCAPE:—SECONDLY, THE ROCKS

CHAPTER XVI. OF MODERN LANDSCAPE

CHAPTER XVII. THE MORAL OF LANDSCAPE

CHAPTER XVIII. OF THE TEACHERS OF TURNER

APPENDIX

I. Claude's Tree-drawing

II. German Philosophy

III. Plagiarism

Volume 4

Table of Contents

PREFACE

PART V. OF MOUNTAIN BEAUTY

CHAPTER I. OF THE TURNERIAN PICTURESQUE

CHAPTER II. OF TURNERIAN TOPOGRAPHY

CHAPTER III. OF TURNERIAN LIGHT

CHAPTER IV. OF TURNERIAN MYSTERY:—FIRST, AS ESSENTIAL

CHAPTER V. OF TURNERIAN MYSTERY:—SECONDLY, WILFUL

CHAPTER VI. THE FIRMAMENT

CHAPTER VII. THE DRY LAND

CHAPTER VIII. OF THE MATERIALS OF MOUNTAINS:—FIRST, COMPACT CRYSTALLINES

CHAPTER IX. OF THE MATERIALS OF MOUNTAINS:—SECONDLY, SLATY CRYSTALLINES

CHAPTER X. OF THE MATERIALS OF MOUNTAINS:—THIRDLY, SLATY COHERENTS

CHAPTER XI. OF THE MATERIALS OF MOUNTAINS:—FOURTHLY, COMPACT COHERENTS

CHAPTER XII. ON THE SCULPTURE OF MOUNTAINS:—FIRST, THE LATERAL RANGES

CHAPTER XIII. OF THE SCULPTURE OF MOUNTAINS:—SECONDLY, THE CENTRAL PEAKS

CHAPTER XIV. RESULTING FORMS:—FIRST, AIGUILLES

CHAPTER XV. RESULTING FORMS:—SECONDLY, CRESTS

CHAPTER XVI. RESULTING FORMS:—THIRDLY, PRECIPICES

CHAPTER XVII. RESULTING FORMS:—FOURTHLY, BANKS

CHAPTER XVIII. RESULTING FORMS:—FIFTHLY, STONES

CHAPTER XIX. THE MOUNTAIN GLOOM

CHAPTER XX. THE MOUNTAIN GLORY

APPENDIX

I. Modern Grotesque

II. Rock Cleavage

III. Logical Education

Volume 5

Table of Contents

PREFACE

PART VI. OF LEAF BEAUTY

CHAPTER I. THE EARTH-VEIL

CHAPTER II. THE LEAF ORDERS

CHAPTER III. THE BUD

CHAPTER IV. THE LEAF

CHAPTER V. LEAF ASPECTS

CHAPTER VI. THE BRANCH

CHAPTER VII. THE STEM

CHAPTER VIII. THE LEAF MONUMENTS

CHAPTER IX. THE LEAF SHADOWS

CHAPTER X. LEAVES MOTIONLESS

PART VII. OF CLOUD BEAUTY

CHAPTER I. THE CLOUD-BALANCINGS

CHAPTER II. THE CLOUD-FLOCKS

CHAPTER III. THE CLOUD-CHARIOTS

CHAPTER IV. THE ANGEL OF THE SEA

PART VIII. OF IDEAS OF RELATION:—FIRST, OF INVENTION FORMAL

CHAPTER I. THE LAW OF HELP

CHAPTER II. THE TASK OF THE LEAST

CHAPTER III. THE RULE OF THE GREATEST

CHAPTER IV. THE LAW OF PERFECTNESS

PART IX. OF IDEAS OF RELATION:—II. OF INVENTION SPIRITUAL

CHAPTER I. THE DARK MIRROR

CHAPTER II. THE LANCE OF PALLAS

CHAPTER III. THE WINGS OF THE LION

CHAPTER IV. DURER AND SALVATOR

CHAPTER V. CLAUDE AND POUSSIN

CHAPTER VI. RUBENS AND CUYP

CHAPTER VII. OF VULGARITY

CHAPTER VIII. WOUVERMANS AND ANGELICO

CHAPTER IX. THE TWO BOYHOODS

CHAPTER X. THE NEREID’S GUARD

CHAPTER XI. THE HESPERID ÆGLÉ

CHAPTER XII. PEACE

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John Ruskin

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Thus I conceive that all buildings dependent on color, whether of mosaic or painting, have their effect improved by the richness of the subsequent tones of age; for there are few arrangements of color so perfect but that they are capable of improvement by some softening and blending of this kind: with mosaic, the improvement may be considered as proceeding almost so long as the design can be distinctly seen; with painting, so long as the colors do not change or chip off.

Again, upon all forms of sculptural ornament, the effect of time is such, that if the design be poor, it will enrich it; if overcharged, simplify it; if harsh and violent, soften it; if smooth and obscure, exhibit it; whatever faults it may have are rapidly disguised, whatever virtue it has still shines and steals out in the mellow light; and this to such an extent, that the artist is always liable to be tempted to the drawing of details in old buildings as of extreme beauty, which look cold and hard in their architectural lines; and I have never yet seen any restoration or cleaned portion of a building whose effect was not inferior to the weathered parts, even to those of which the design had in some parts almost disappeared. On the front of the church of San Michele at Lucca, the mosaics have fallen out of half the columns, and lie in weedy ruin beneath; in many, the frost has torn large masses of the entire coating away, leaving a scarred unsightly surface. Two of the shafts of the upper star window are eaten entirely away by the sea wind, the rest have lost their proportions, the edges of the arches are hacked into deep hollows, and cast indented shadows on the weed-grown wall. The process has gone too far, and yet I doubt not but that this building is seen to greater advantage now than when first built, always with exception of one circumstance, that the French shattered the lower wheel window, and set up in front of it an escutcheon with "Libertas" upon it, which abomination of desolation, the Lucchese have not yet had human-heartedness enough to pull down.

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