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John Watson McCrindle. The Invasion of India by Alexander the Great
The Invasion of India by Alexander the Great
Table of Content
INTRODUCTION
Arrian
Q. Curtius Rufus
Plutarch
Diodoros the Sicilian
Justinus Frontinus
The Life of Alexander the Great
ARRIAN
ARRIAN’S ANABASIS
Fourth Book
Chapter XXII.—Alexander crosses the Indian Kaukasos to invade India and advances to the river Kôphên
Chapter XXIII.—Alexander wars against the Aspasians
Chapter XXIV.—Operations against the Aspasians
Chapter XXV.—Defeat of the Aspasians—The Assakenians and Gouraians attacked
Chapter XXVI.—Siege of Massaga
Chapter XXVII.—Massaga taken by storm—Ora and Bazira besieged
Chapter XXVIII.—Bazira captured—Alexander marches to the rock Aornos
Chapter XXIX.—Siege of Aornos
Chapter XXX.—Capture of Aornos—Advance to the Indus
Fifth Book
Chapter I.—Alexander at Nysa
Chapter II.—Alexander permits the Nysaians to retain their Autonomy—Visits Mount Mêros
Chapter III—How Eratosthenes views the legends concerning Heraklês and Dionysos—Alexander crosses the Indus
Chapter IV.—General description of the Indus and of the people of India
Chapter V.—The rivers and mountains of Asia
Chapter VI.—Position and boundaries of India and how its plains may have been formed
Chapter VII.—The bridging of rivers
Chapter VIII.—Alexander arrives at Taxila—Receives an embassy from Abisares and advances to the Hydaspês
Chapter IX.—Alexander on reaching the Hydaspês finds Pôros prepared to dispute its passage
Chapter X.—Alexander’s devices to deceive Pôros and steal the passage of the river
Chapter XI.—Arrangements made by Alexander for crossing the Hydaspês unobserved
Chapter XII.—Alexander crosses the Hydaspês
Chapter XIII.—Incidents of the passage of the river
Chapter XIV.—Skirmish with the son of Pôros at the landing-place
Chapter XV.—The arrangements made by Pôros for the conflict
Chapter XVI.—The plan of attack adopted by Alexander
Chapter XVII.—Description of the battle of the Hydaspês—Defeat of Pôros
Chapter XVIII.—Sequel of the battle and surrender of Pôros
Chapter XIX.—Alexander makes Pôros his firm friend and ally—Founds two cities—Death of his famous horse Boukephalas
Chapter XX.—Alexander conquers the Glausai, receives embassies from Abisarês and other chiefs, and crosses the Akesinês
Chapter XXI.—Pursuit after Pôros, nephew of the great Pôros—Conquest of the country between the Akesinês and the Hydraôtês—Passage of the latter river
Chapter XXII.—Alexander marches against the Kathaians—Takes Pimprama, and lays siege to Sangala
Chapter XXIII.—Alexander drives the Kathaians into Sangala, which he invests on every side
Chapter XXIV.—Alexander captures Sangala, razes it to the ground, and advances to the river Hyphasis
Chapter XXV.—Alexander finding the army unwilling to advance beyond the Hyphasis, convokes his officers and addresses them on the subject
Chapter XXVI.—Continuation of Alexander’s Speech
Chapter XXVII—Koinos, replying to Alexander, states the grievances of the army
Chapter XXVIII.—Alexander mortified by the refusal of his army to advance, secludes himself in his tent, but in the end resolves to return
Chapter XXIX.—Alexander erects altars on the banks of the Hyphasis to mark the limits of his advance, recrosses the Hydraôtês and Akesinês and regains the Hydaspês
Sixth Book
Chapter I.—Alexander mistakes the Indus for the upper Nile—Prepares to sail down stream to the sea
Chapter II.—Description of the voyage down the Hydaspês
Chapter III.—Description of the voyage down the Hydaspês continued
Chapter IV.—Alexander accelerates his voyage to frustrate the plans of the Malloi and Oxydrakai, and reaches the turbulent confluence of the Hydaspês and Akesinês
Chapter V.—Dangers encountered by the fleet at the confluence—Plan of the operations which followed—Voyage down the Akesinês
Chapter VI.—Alexander invades the territories of the Malloi
Chapter VII.—Siege and capture of several Mallian strongholds
Chapter VIII.—Alexander defeats the Malloi at the Hydraôtês
Chapter IX.—Alexander assails the chief stronghold of the Malloi, scales the wall of the citadel, into which he leaps down though alone
Chapter X.—Alexander is dangerously wounded within the citadel
Chapter XI.—Dangerous nature of Alexander’s wound—Arrian refutes some current fictions relating to this accident
Chapter XII.—Distress and anxiety of the army at the prospect of Alexander’s death
Chapter XIII.—Joy of the army on seeing Alexander after his recovery—His officers rebuke him for his rashness
Chapter XIV.—Submission of the Malloi, Oxydrakai, and others—Voyage down the Hydraôtês and Akesinês to the Indus
Chapter XV.—Appointment of Satraps—Voyage down the Indus to the dominions of Mousikanos, who tenders his submission
Chapter XVI.—Campaign against Oxykanos and Sambos
Chapter XVII.—Mousikanos is captured by Peithôn and executed—Alexander reaches Patala at the apex of the Indus Delta
Chapter XVIII.—Alexander orders wells to be dug in the district round Patala, and sails down the western arm of the Indus
Chapter XIX.—The fleet is damaged by the tide, halts at an island in the Indus, and thence reaches the open sea
Chapter XX.—Alexander after returning to Patala sails down the eastern arm of the Indus
Chapter XXI.—Alexander crosses the river Arabios and invades the Oreitai
Chapter XXII.—Submission of the Oreitai—Description of the Gadrôsian desert
Chapter XXIII.—Alexander marching through Gadrôsia endeavours to collect supplies for the fleet
Chapter XXIV.—Difficulties encountered on the march through Gadrôsia
Chapter XXV.—Sufferings of the army in the Gadrôsian desert
Chapter XXVI.—Incidents of the march through Gadrôsia
Chapter XXVII.—Appointment of satraps—Alexander learns that the satrap Philippos had been murdered in India—Punishes satraps who had misgoverned
Chapter XXVIII.—Alexander holds rejoicings in Karmania on account of his Indian victories—List of his body-guards—Nearchos reports to him the safety of the fleet
Q. CURTIUS RUFUS
HISTORY OF ALEXANDER THE GREAT, BY Q. CURTIUS RUFUS
Eighth Book
Chapter IX.—Description of India
Chapter X.—Campaign in the regions west of the Indus—Alexander captures Nysa, and visits Mount Merus—Siege of Mazaga, and its surrender
Chapter XI.—Siege and capture of the Rock Aornis
Chapter XII.—Alexander marches to the Indus, crosses it, and is hospitably received by Omphis, King of Taxila
Chapter XIII.—Alexander and Porus confront each other on opposite banks of the Hydaspes
Chapter XIV.—Battle with Porus on the left bank of the Hydaspes—Porus being defeated surrenders
Ninth Book
Chapter I.—Alexander’s speech to his soldiers after the victory—Abisares sends him an embassy
Chapter I. Continued.—Alexander advancing farther into the interior of India, passes through forests and deserts—Crosses the Hydraotes—Besieges and captures Sangala, and enters the kingdom of Sopithes, who receives him with great hospitality and shows him a dog and lion fight
Chapter II.—Alexander obtains information about the Ganges and the strength of the army kept by Agrammes, king of the Prasians—His speech to the soldiers to induce them to advance to the Ganges
Chapter III.—Speech of Coenus on behalf of the army—Alexander’s displeasure at the refusal of the soldiers to advance—He resolves to return—Raises altars as memorials of his presence—Reaches the Acesines, where Coenus dies—Reconciles Taxiles and Porus, and then sails down stream
Chapter IV.—Alexander subdues various tribes on his way to the Indus—Disasters to his fleet at the meeting of the rivers—His campaign against the Sudracae and Malli—Assails their chief stronghold and is left standing alone on the wall
Chapter V.—Alexander is severely wounded by an arrow within the stronghold of the Sudracae—The arrow is extracted by Critobulus
Chapter VI.—Alexander recovers and shows himself to the army—His officers remonstrate with him for his recklessness in exposing his life to danger—His reply to their appeal
Chapter VII.—The affair of Biton and Boxus at Baktra—Embassy from the Sudracae and Malli proffering submission—Alexander entertains his army and the embassy at a sumptuous banquet—Single combat between a Macedonian and an Athenian champion
Chapter VIII.—Alexander receives the submission of the Malli—Invades the Musicani and the Praesti, whose king Porticanus is slain—He next attacks King Sambus, many of whose cities surrendered—Musicanus having revolted is captured and executed—Ptolemy is wounded by a poisoned arrow in the kingdom of Sambus, but recovers—Alexander reaches Patala and sails down the Indus
Chapter IX.—Perils encountered on the voyage down the western arm of the Indus to the sea—Alexander returns from the mouth of the river to Patala
Chapter X.—Alexander goes homeward by land, leaving Nearchus to follow by sea and conduct the fleet to the head of the Persian Gulf—Disastrous march through Gedrosia—Alexander arrives in Carmania, where he holds Bacchic revels to celebrate his conquests
DIODÔROS SICULUS
BIBLIOTHECA HISTORICA OF DIODÔROS SICULUS
Seventeenth Book
Chapter LXXXIV.—Alexander at Massaga—His treachery towards the Indian mercenaries who had capitulated
Chapter LXXXV.—Alexander captures the rock Aornos
Chapter LXXXVI.—Alexander crosses the Indus, and is hospitably received by Taxilês
Chapter LXXXVII.—Alexander marches against Pôros—The appearance presented by the Indian army with its elephants
Chapter LXXXVIII.—The defeat of Pôros
Chapter LXXXIX.—Losses sustained by each side in the battle of the Hydaspês—Alexander orders a fleet to be built on the Hydaspês
Chapter XC.—Some account of the serpents, apes, and trees seen by the Macedonians in India
Chapter XCI.—Alexander pursues Pôros, nephew of the great Pôros—Subdues the Adrestai and Kathaians and enters the kingdom of Sôpeithês—Peculiar customs of the natives of these parts
Chapter XCII.—Courage and ferocity of the dogs in the dominions of Sôpeithês
Chapter XCIII.—Submission of Phêgeus—Advance to the Hypanis—Description given by Phêgeus of the country beyond the Hypanis—Of the Praisians and their king Xandrames
Chapter XCIV.—Miserable condition of the Macedonian army—Its refusal to advance beyond the Hypanis
Chapter XCV.—Alexander erects altars and other memorials near the Hypanis, and returns to the Akesinês
Chapter XCVI.—Voyage to the Southern Ocean begun—Submission of the Siboi—The Agalassians attacked and conquered
Chapter XCVII.—Disaster to the fleet at the confluence of the rivers
Chapter XCVIII.—Combination of the Syrakousai and Malloi—Alexander, neglecting the warning of a soothsayer, attacks their stronghold, and scales the walls of its citadel
Chapter XCIX.—Alexander left alone leaps down from the walls into the citadel, bravely defends himself, but is dangerously wounded—He is rescued by his friends, who capture the stronghold—The Greek colonists in Bactria revolt
Chapter C.—Alexander recovers from his wound—Combat between Koragos and Dioxippos—Dioxippos becomes victor
Chapter CI.—The Macedonians plot against Dioxippos, who in consequence takes away his own life—Alexander’s regret for his loss
Chapter CII.—The Sambastai, Sodrai, and Massanoi submit to Alexander, who founds near the banks of the river a city called Alexandreia—He conquers the kingdoms of Mousikanos, Portikanos, and Sambos—The last effects his escape
Chapter CIII.—Harmatelia holds out against Alexander—In a battle with its inhabitants Ptolemy is wounded by a poisoned arrow, but is cured by an antidote revealed to Alexander in a dream
Chapter CIV.—Alexander sails down to the mouth of the Indus—Sails back to Tauala (Patala?)—Starts on his march homewards, instructing Nearchos to explore the way with his fleet to the head of the Persian Gulf—Ravages the land of the Oritians and founds another Alexandreia
Chapter CV.—How the Oritians bury their dead—The Ichthyophagoi described—Sufferings and losses of the army in the Gedrôsian desert—Relief sent by various satraps—Leonnatos is attacked by the Oritians
Chapter CVI.—Revels of Alexander and the army after escaping from the desert—Officials who had abused their authority called to account—Nearchos visits Alexander at Salmous, and recounts the incidents of his voyage
Chapter CVII.—Kalanos, the Indian philosopher, immolates himself—Alexander marries the daughter of Darius
PLUTARCH
PLUTARCH’S LIFE OF ALEXANDER
Chapter LVIII.—Alexander at Nysa
Chapter LIX.—Interchange of civilities between Alexander and Taxilês—Alexander breaks his faith with Indian mercenaries, and hangs some Indian philosophers
Chapter LX.—The account of the battle with Pôros, as given by Alexander himself—Alexander’s noble treatment of Pôros
Chapter LXI.—Death of Boukephalas, and Alexander’s regret at his loss
Chapter LXII.—The army refuses to advance to the Ganges—Alexander, preparing to retreat, erects altars which were afterwards held in veneration by the Praisian kings—The opinion of Androkottos
Chapter LXIII.—Alexander starts on a voyage down stream, reducing tribes by the way—He is dangerously wounded in the capital of the Malloi—Extraction of the arrow from his wound—His recovery
Chapter LXIV.—Alexander’s interview with the Indian gymnosophists
Chapter LXV.—Onesikritos confers with the Indian gymnosophists Kalanos and Dandamis—Kalanos visits Alexander and shows him a symbol of his empire
Chapter LXVI.—Alexander visits the island Skilloustis, and sailing thence explores the sea—Sufferings of his army on the march homeward, and extent of its losses—Relief sent by the satraps
Chapter LXVII.—Alexander and the army indulge in wild revelry on emerging from the desert
JUSTIN
HISTORIAE PHILIPPICAE OF JUSTINUS
Twelfth Book
Chapter VII.—Alexander visits Nysa and Mount Merus—Receives the submission of Queen Cleophis and captures the Rock (Aornos)
Chapter VIII.—Alexander conquers Porus—Builds Nicaea and Boucephala, and reduces the Adrestae, Gesteani, Praesidae, and Gangaridae—Advances to the Cuphites (Beäs), beyond which the army refuses to follow him—He agrees to return, and leaves memorials of his progress
Chapter IX.—Alexander sailing down the Panjâb rivers to the ocean, reduces the Hiacensanae, Silei, Ambri, and Sigambri—He is dangerously wounded in attacking one of their strongholds
Chapter X.—Alexander reaches the city of King Ambigerus (Sambos?)—Ptolemy is there wounded by a poisoned arrow—An antidote to the poison is revealed to Alexander in a dream—He sails down to the mouth of the Indus—Founds Barce—Leaves India and returns to Babylon
Fifteenth Book
Chapter IV.—Seleucus Nicator subjugates the Bactrians and enters India—The history of Sandrocottus who was then King of India—Seleucus makes a treaty of peace with him and returns to the West
APPENDICES
NOTES A-Ll
Note A.—Alexandreia under Kaukasos
Note B.—Nikaia
Note C.—Aspasioi Assakênoi
Note D.—Mazaga
Note E.—Bazira
Note F.—Aornos
Note G.—Nysa
Note H.—Gold-digging Ants
Note I.—Taxila
Note J.—Site of Alexander’s Camp on the Hydaspês
Note K.—Battle with Pôros
Note L.—The Kathaians
Note M.—Sangala
Note N.—Alexander’s Altars on the Hyphasis
Note O.—Voyage down the Hydaspês and Akesinês to the Indus
Note P.—The Malloi and Oxydrakai
Note Q.—The Capital of the Malloi
Note R.—Alexander in Sindh
Note S.—Sindimana
Note T.—City of the Brachmans—Harmatelia
Note U.—Patala
Note V.—Alexander’s March through Gedrôsia-Pura
Note W.—Indian Sages
Note X.—The Indian Month
Note Y.—Battle with Pôros
Note Z.—Indian Serpents
Note Aa.—Indian Peacocks
Note Bb.—Indian Dogs
Note Cc.—The Gangaridai
Note Dd.—The Prasioi
Note Ee.—The Sibi
Note Ff.—The Agalassians
Note Gg.—Tides in Indian Rivers
Note Hh.—Indian Philosophers
Note Ii.—Suttee (Diod. Note 12)
Note Kk.—Ancient Indian Coins
Note Ll.—An Aśôka Inscription
BIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX
FOOTNOTES
INDICES
I. GENERAL INDEX
II. INDEX OF AUTHORITIES QUOTED OR REFERRED TO
