Calcio: A History of Italian Football

Calcio: A History of Italian Football
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John Foot. Calcio: A History of Italian Football

Calcio

John Foot

Author’s Note

Table of Contents

PREFACE

CHAPTER 1 Calcio and Football. Origins and Early History: 1880–1929. The first kicks

Pioneers

James Richardson Spensley

The first championship

Paleo-calcio. Rules, Managers, Foreigners, Sundays

Spensley and the Reign of Genoa, 1898–1904

The big teams are born. Juventus, Milan, Internazionale, Torino

L’Italia. The National Team and the Reading Tour

Calcio and World War One

Running the Game. The Italian Football Federations. Splits and Reunions

Violence and Fans. The early years

Revolution. Viareggio’s ‘red days’ of 1920

Early Games. Ropes, Nets and Fields

Amateurs and Professionals

The first manager. The odyssey of William Garbutt

Fans and History

From Lions to bankruptcy. The rise and fall of Pro Vercelli

The First Scandal. The Rosetta Case

Fascism and Football

The first ‘theft’. Bologna, Genoa and the 1925 playoff final

The referees’ strike of 1925 and the first ‘suspicions’

The Viareggio Charter. Calcio’s constitution

The inauguration which changed Italy

Calcio and Italian capitalism

From calcio to football. A mass sport is born

CHAPTER 2 The Referee

Hunt the Ref! Akkiappa L’Arbitro!

Referees as a ‘virtuous minority’

Rules, Laws and the Italian Referee

Corruption, Suspicion, Legitimation

‘Psychological slavery’. Big and small clubs

Choosing Referees. ‘Designators’, Draws, Secrets

Watchgate

Bribing Referees. Cheques and more watches

At the sharp end. Violence against referees

Legnano-Bologna, February 1952

The Prince of Referees. Concetto Lo Bello

Duce, Duce! Fiorentina-Cagliari. Serie A. 12 October 1969

White Riot! Naples 1955; Livorno 1967

Trial by Slow-Motion. Italian Referees and the Moviola

The Great Robberies. Penalties, Disallowed Goals, Sendings-off

Maurizio Turone’s disallowed ‘goal’. Juventus versus Roma. Turin, 10 May 1981

Fiorentina and Juventus. Last day of the championship. 16 May 1982

‘The Great Thievery’. Inter versus Juventus 1998

Fair Play? Luciano Gaucci and Jay Bothroyd, Perugia 2004

Breaking the Mould? Pierluigi Collina

CHAPTER 3 Teams and Cities: Turin. The Old Lady. Juventus

Calamity. Superga. 4 May 1949

Superga. Football tragedy as a shrine, or as a tourist attraction? 1949–2004

The Myth

The Filadelfia Story. From Fortress to Ruin

The Filadelfia Story. Reconstruction, Promises, Ruins

CHAPTER 4 Teams and Cities: Milan, Rome, Genoa, Florence, Naples. Milan. Moral Capital and Football Capital

Internazionale

Great Inter (Grande Inter)

Not so Great Inter. You Never Win! The psychodrama of the Interisti since 1989

A New Great Inter? The scandal and the rebirth of the blue-and-blacks, 2006–7

Milan. From humiliation to domination

Rome. Occasional football capital

Genoa. On the Margins

Florence. Purple Pride

The Provinces. Bologna, Cagliari, Verona

Naples. The Longest Wait

The King. Maradona and Napoli. 1984–1991

Napoli’s success and DAMM

The Party. 1987

Drugs, scandals and the end of the Maradona fable

After Maradona. The long decline of Napoli

Disintegration

CHAPTER 5 At the Back. Defenders and Defensive Football in Italy. The Defensive Mentality

Catenaccio. Football, Italian style

Real catenaccio. From Switzerland to Italy

Real catenaccio in Italy. Gipo Viani and beyond

Sweepers Old and New. The Great Inter and beyond

Stoppers. Man-Marking

The Defender who Survived. Sauro Tomà

The own-goal specialist. Comunardo Niccolai

Water carriers and ‘destroyers of the play’

CHAPTER 6 Players. Directors and Fantasisti. Midfield Directors

Gianni Rivera. Golden Boy, Abatino, Genius? (1943-)

Tragedy of a Director. Agostino Di Bartolomei (1955–1994)

Attacking midfielders. The Mazzola dynasty Valentino Mazzola (1919–1949)

Little Sandro. Sandro Mazzola (1942-)

Dribbling, skill, vision. The Fantasisti

The one-legged player. Mario Corso (1941-)

Football’s James Dean. Gigi Meroni (1943–1967)

Roberto Baggio. God has a Ponytail. (1967-)

Francesco Totti. King of Rome (1976-)

Gianfranco Zola. From Sardinia to Sardinia (1966-)

CHAPTER 7 Goalscorers

The Greatest? Giuseppe Meazza (1910–1979)

The quiet goal machine. Silvio Piola (1913–1996)

Other strikers. Target men and tricky forwards

Thunder. Gigi Riva (1944-)

Paolo Rossi. ‘I made Brazil cry’ (1956-)

Other Strikers. From Paolo Pulici to Luca Toni

CHAPTER 8 Managers, Tactics, Fixers

Managing the Grande Torino. The tragedy of Egri Erbstein

The Wizard (Il mago). Helenio Herrera

Nereo Rocco. The God of Catenaccio

Total Football

Arrigo Sacchi and the rise of the zone, Italian-style

The Old Breed I. Rocco’s Heir, Trapattoni

The Old Breed II. Bagnoli and Boskov

The New Breed. Lippi and Capello

CHAPTER 9 Scandals

Fixing Matches I. Settling for a draw

Fixing Matches II. Agreeing on a result

The exaltation of cheating

The Mother of all Scandals. Torino and the ‘missing championship’, 1926–1927

The Golden Fix

Betting in Italy. Totocalcio, Totonero and the iron hand of the state

The Mother and Father of all Scandals? Calcioscommesse and Totonero. 19807

Lightgate. Marseille-Milan, 1991

Sexygate. Lucky Luciano

The Horse, the Referee and the President. Perugia, 1993 and beyond

Doping

The Bologna case and the playoff. 1964

Zemangate and the Guariniello inquiry. Juventus on trial

Ci Risiamo – Here we go again. The latest betting scandal, 2003–2004 season

The Great Italian Football Scandal. May-July 2006

Massimo De Santis. The referee at the centre of the system

Reaction to the scandal

Calciopoli II

CHAPTER 10 The Media

The Press

Journalists. From Gianni Brera to Antonio Ghirelli2

Commentators. Radio and TV

Re-inventing football coverage and subverting the genre. From Bar Sport to Mai Dire Gol

Quelli che il calcio…

Pure Satire. Cuore Mundial

Stickers. The Panini Phenomenon

Local Television. Telelombardia and Sports Coverage

Football Chat

Football and TV. The State (1954–1980)

Programmes. Sporting Sunday and 90th minute

Fans, Spectators, Audiences and Crowd. The football-TV experience

Pirate TV. Berlusconi and Televised Football

Poets, film-makers, writers. Pier Paolo Pasolini and the poetry of Football

Italian cinema and Italian football

CHAPTER 11 Fans, Supporters, Ultrà

Sick! The Birth of a Word

A Civic Religion?

From the Armchair to the Curva

The ultrà. The fanatics get organized

Racism and Italian football. North and South. Viva Etna!

Other Racisms

Againstism. Gufare!

Choreographies

Protest. Fans on strike

Local Stories. Venice, Mestre and Veneziamestre

Conclusions. The ultrà and fanaticism

CHAPTER 12 Murder, Massacre, Normality: Calcio and Violence since 1945

Murder. Vincenzo Paparelli. Rome. Olympic Stadium. 28.10.1979

Massacre. Heysel. 29 May 1985

Preamble. Memories of a Massacre

The TV coverage10

Who was to Blame?

Roma 1984

The smemorato (loss-of-memory man) of Heysel

Endgame

Attack. Brescia, 20.11.1994

Murder. Claudio Spagnolo. Genoa, 29 January 1995

Reactions. Police and Fans

The Train of death. Piacenza-Salerno, 24 May 1999

Assorted Violence: Refereeing Decisions, Sales of Players, Bombs

Organized Chaos? The Mystery of the Rome derby 2004

Violence on and off the Pitch. 2000–2007

Violence amongst players. The story of Francesco Bertolotti

Footballing Violence

The Death of Calcio? Catania. 2007

Conclusion. The normality of violence

CHAPTER 13 Power and Politics

Football and the Politics of the Frontier. Trieste

Right-wingers in Football. The Commander. Achille Lauro and Napoli

Armed and Dangerous. The Lazio team of the 1970s

Silvio Berlusconi. Football takes power

Left-wingers. Football and Civil War. The Partisan Footballer, Bruno Neri

1968. Footballers get organized

The Footballer as revolutionary. Paolo Sollier

The most left-wing fans in the world? Livorno

CHAPTER 14 Foreigners. The Good, the Bad and the Ugly. From Orsi to Gazza. South Americans as Italians, Italians as South Americans

Stories. Foreign players in Italy since 1945. From Genius to Rubbish. Antonio Valentin Angelillo: the ‘angel with the dirty face’ and the unbeatable goal record

Omar Sivori. Dribble-mad and out of control

The English, the Scottish, the Irish and the Welsh

The Gentle Giant. John Charles

Greavsie in Italy. 1961

From boom to crash. Denis Law and Joe Baker in Turin, 1961–62

Luther Blissett. From super-bidone to agent-saboteur

NEGATIVE HEROES. Luther Blissett and the refusal to work

Mark Hateley, Attila the Hun and the Leap of God

A Foreign Country. Ian Rush at Juventus, 1987–1988

Other British and Irish Players in Italy. Wilkins, Platt, Brady, Elliot, Rideout, Firmani, Hitchens, Cowans

Gazza in Italy. King of the Bidoni?

Other Bidoni. The 1980s and 1990s boom

Postscript. Pretending to be foreigners, pretending to be Italians. Passport and other scandals

CHAPTER 15 Italia – La Nazionale. The National Team. Italia and L’Italia

The glorious 1930s and Vittorio Pozzo

Italy and international tournaments. The endless polemic

Love-Hate. Games with England

Superga Psychosis? The disastrous 1950s

The Battle of Belfast

The Oriundi and the National Team since 1945

The ‘Battle of Santiago’. Chile. 1962

1966. Korea! Korea!

Tomatoes and drugs. Edmondo Fabbri and the Conspiracy Theory

The Greatest Match of all Time? Italy-Germany 4–3. World Cup semi-final, 1970

The World Cup of the ‘Chinagliate’. 1974. West Germany

Argentina 1978. Third Place with the Generals

Italy-Brazil. 3–2. 5.7.1982. Barcelona

1986. Decline of a Great Team

1990. Maradona’s Revenge

1994. ‘God Exists!’ Sacchi and Baggio

Back to catenaccio? The Maldini reign. 1996–1998

Fifteen seconds from glory. Dino Zoff. 1998–2000

Again 1966? Trapattoni and the Korean nightmare. 2000–2004

The spit and the Scandinavian Fix. 2002–2004

The Agony and the Ecstasy. Germany 2006

Calciopoli and the World Cup

CONCLUSION. Money, Money, Money. Cràc!

Administrative Doping

Plus-valenze. Added Value and Creative Accounting

L’inferno (hell)

NOTES. Preface

Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Conclusion

Glossary

GLOSSARY. A brief guide to some key Italian football terms, usages and personalities1

APPENDIX. Rules regarding foreign players in Italian football

INDEX

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

About the Author

Praise

Copyright

About the Publisher

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A History of Italian Football

Title Page

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Arms were seized (including at least 100 rifles) and the railway lines blocked. The crowd surrounded the barracks and tried to get hold of the man who had shot the linesman. Barricades went up and telephone and electricity lines were cut. Viareggio was isolated, and in the hands of local subversives. Anarchists from local towns arrived on the scene: it felt and looked like a revolution. Three military columns were soon dispatched to quell the protests, some by sea. With some difficulty, and only after a couple of days, 200 soldiers took control. The taking of the town by local subversives entered into local mythology as Viareggio’s ‘red days’.

Football tried to draw a veil over the events of 1920. In 1921 a ‘Peace Match’ was organized in Viareggio and passed off without incident. However, in the 1921–22 season, violence was again on the agenda. Viareggio won the first derby, but the Lucca fans attributed their defeat to the intimidating atmosphere in the stadium which revived unhappy memories of 1920’s riots. The return match, in the claustrophobic city of Lucca, was extremely tense. Viareggio’s fans were escorted by the police, and after losing 2–0 they proceeded to smash up (according to the version provided by Lucca fans) anything they could find. Here politics, local rivalries (the Tuscan derbies, and in particular Pisa-Livorno, are perhaps the most emotional of all Italian derbies) and the social upheavals of the time, allied to protests against match officials, combined to produce an explosive situation.

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