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Joseph Kraynak. Oceans For Dummies
Oceans For Dummies® To view this book's Cheat Sheet, simply go to www.dummies.com and search for “Oceans For Dummies Cheat Sheet” in the Search box. Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Illustrations
Guide
Pages
Introduction
About This Book
Foolish Assumptions
Icons Used in This Book
Beyond the Book
Where to Go from Here
Getting Started with Your Ocean Voyage
Brushing Up on Ocean Fundamentals
Taking a Nickel Tour of the Ocean(s)
Dividing the ocean into oceans … or not
Recognizing the ocean zones
Dropping in on the different ecosystems
Going with the Flow: The Physical Properties of the Ocean
Getting up to speed on the water cycle
Knowing what makes seawater salty
Investigating variations in salt concentrations
Realizing that sea water is more than just salty water
Checking out what’s at the bottom of the ocean (and below)
Riding waves, tides, and currents
Recognizing the ocean’s role in climate control and weather
Meeting the Ocean’s Inhabitants
Recognizing strength in numbers: Marine microorganisms
Going green with marine plants and plant-like organisms
Grouping the ocean’s animals
Exploring the Complex and Evolving Human-Ocean Relationship
Appreciating the Ocean’s Many Gifts
Supplying Over Half of the World’s Oxygen
Playing a Key Role in Regulating Climate and Weather
DIFFERENTIATING CLIMATE FROM WEATHER
Producing Protein for Billions of People
Contributing Trillions to the Global Economy
Serving as a Source of Mystery and Wonder
Stimulating our imaginations
Increasing our knowledge of the world around us
Getting in touch with our emotional connection to the sea
Looking Back at the Ocean’s History (and Prehistory)
Discovering How the Ocean Got Its Start
The wet planet theory
The water delivery truck theory
Tracing the Evolution of Ocean Life
Getting the evolutionary ball rolling
Going cellular
And now for a word about metabolism
All together now: Multicellular organisms
Taking evolution to the next level in the Paleozoic era
The Cambrian period
The Ordovician period
The Silurian period
The Devonian period
The Carboniferous period
The Permian period
Gaining momentum in the Mesozoic era
The Triassic period
The Jurassic period
The Cretaceous period
Increasing sophistication in the Cenozoic era
The Paleogene period
THE PALEOCENE EPOCH
THE EOCENE EPOCH
THE OLIGOCENE EPOCH
The Neogene period
The Quaternary period
Taking the Earth’s Present Evolutionary Pulse
SHIFTING BASELINES
Looking Ahead: What’s in Store for the Ocean’s Future?
Finding Your Way Around
Mapping the Ocean by Zones
Dividing the Ocean into Three Horizontal Zones
Where land meets sea: The intertidal zone
High intertidal
Middle intertidal
Low intertidal
COOL AND CREEPY
Wading through the neritic zone
Heading out to sea: The oceanic zone
HOW IS THE OCEAN LIKE A DESERT?
Exploring the Five Vertical Zones of the Water Column
Skimming the surface: The epipelagic zone
Dimming the lights in the mesopelagic zone
Taking a deeper, darker dive into the bathypelagic zone
COUNTER-ILLUMINATION
Delving into the abyss: The abyssopelagic zone
How low can you go? The hadalpelagic zone
Acknowledging the Existence of Other Zones
From light to dark: The photic and aphotic zones
From top to bottom: The pelagic and benthic zone
Checking Out the Neighborhoods: The Ocean’s Ecosystems
Hugging the Shore
Digging life in the sand
Living life on the rocks
WHERE DID ALL THIS SAND COME FROM?
Mixing it up in the estuaries
Muddling through the mudflats
MUDLESS FLATS
Settling down in salt marshes
Meandering through the mangroves
Living among the roots
Keeping your head above water
Swimming through Kelp Forests
Swirling in Sargasso: A Sea without Borders
Grazing in the Seagrass Meadows
Building Their Own Communities: Reefs
Coral reefs
CORAL REEFS AT RISK
Oyster reefs
Chilling Out at the Poles
Living Under Extreme Conditions: Deep Ocean Ecosystems
Hydrothermal vents
Deep-sea coral reefs
HEY, LOOK, IT’S SNOWING!
Cold seeps
Whale falls
WHALES AS CARBON SINKS?
Moving Out and About: Migratory Species
Taking a Deeper Dive: Beneath the Ocean
Grasping the Basics of Plate Tectonics
PLATES ARE PLATES? NOT SO FAST!
Tracing the Contours of the Seafloor
Creating the first map of the seafloor
Fine-tuning seafloor maps with better technology
Chipping Away at Ocean Rock and Sediment
Checking Out Deep-Sea Cores
A THREAT TO DEEP-SEA ECOSYSTEMS
Sampling the Vast Diversity of Sea Life
Getting to Know the Mighty Microbes
Meeting the Marine Microbes
Bacteria
BUILDING THEIR OWN HABITAT: BIOFILM
Archaea
Viruses
Protists
Fungi
SNAILS THAT FARM FUNGI
Recognizing the Importance of Microbes
Feeding the ocean’s living organisms
Anchoring food chains and webs
Tracing the food chain hierarchy
Introducing intricacy with food webs
Cleaning up our messes
Looking at the Relationship between Microbes and Plankton
Phytoplankton
Zooplankton
Distinguishing lifers from juvies
Sorting Out Algae, Seaweed, and Other Aquatic Vegetation
All You Need to Know about Algae, and Then Some
Go big or go home: Macroalgae (a.k.a. seaweed)
Brown macroalgae
LET’S HEAR IT FOR THE MACROALGAE!
Green macroalgae
Red macroalgae
Small, but just about everywhere the sun shines: Microalgae
Diatoms
Dinoflagellates
Coccolithophores
Understanding the threats posed by harmful algae blooms (HABs)
Red tide
Brown tide
Pfiesteria
HAB prevention
Shoring Up the Shoreline with Mangroves
Not Your Typical Lawn: Seagrass
Checking Out What’s Growing in the Salt Marshes
Getting the Lowdown on Simple Invertebrates
Sponges and Other Holy Creatures: The Porifera
Calcarea
Demospongiae
Hexactinellida
Homoscleromorpha
Jellyfish, Anemones, and Other Notable Cnidarians
Scyphozoans
Hydrozoans
Anthozoans
Cubozoans
Ctenophora (Comb Jellies)
Starfish, Urchins, and Other Famous Echinoderms
Asteroidea (sea stars)
Ophiuroidea (brittle stars)
Echinoidea (sea urchins and sand dollars)
Crinoidea (sea lilies and feather stars)
Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers)
Squirmy Wormies: The Annelids
Polychaetes
Oligochaetes
Hirudinea
Getting Mushy over Mollusks
Meet the Mother of All Mollusks
Gastropods: Putting Their One Foot Forward
Snails
Abalones
Conches
Cone snails
Cowries
Limpets
Periwinkles
Whelks
Sea slugs and sea hares
Bivalves: Parts One and Two
Clams
Oysters
ANCHORS AWAY!
Mussels
Scallops
Cephalopods: Head and Tentacles Above the Rest
Octopi
Squid
THAT’S ONE BIG CALAMARI!
Cuttlefish
Nautilus
Wearing Their Skeletons on the Outside: Crustaceans
What Makes a Crustacean a Crustacean?
The Shrimpy Crustaceans: Branchiopoda
Real Softies: Malacostraca (Soft-Shell Crustaceans)
Phyllocarida
Hoplocarida
Eumalacostraca
Isopoda
Amphipoda
Euphausiacea
Decapoda
SHRIMP AND PRAWNS
LOBSTERS AND CRAYFISH
HERMIT CRABS
CRABS
A New Twist on Putting Your Foot in Your Mouth: Maxillopoda
Copepods
Barnacles
Fish lice
Crustacean Cave Dwellers: The Remipedia
Ostracoda
What about Horseshoe Crabs?
Getting Chummy with Fish: Bony and Otherwise
Look Ma, No Jaw! Agnatha
Lampreys
Hagfish
Look Pa, No Bones! Chondrichthyes
Elasmobranchii: The fish with a PR problem
Selachii: Sharks
CALLING ALL SHARK LOVERS!
Batoidea: Rays
Batoidea: Skates
Holocephali: Chimaeras
Check Out the Bones! Osteichthyes
Ray-finned
Lobe-finned
Coelacanths
Lungfish
Meeting a Few Marine Reptiles
Everybody’s Favorite: Sea Turtles
Meet the family
Leatherbacks
Green sea turtles
Hawksbill turtles
Loggerheads
Flatbacks
Kemp’s ridleys
Olive ridleys
Making babies
A seriously threatened animal
Will the Real Sea Serpent Please Slither Forward?
The Only Lizard to Make the Cut: Marine Iguanas
Saltwater Crocodiles
ALLIGATOR OR CROCODILE?
Bird Watching in and Near the Ocean
Knowing What Makes a Bird a Shorebird or a Seabird
Shorebirds
Seabirds
PRESSURED POPULATIONS
Flying Way Below the Radar: Penguins
FEELING THE HEAT
Going Loony
Courting Grebes
Tubular, Dude! Albatross, Petrels, Shearwaters, and Fulmars
Soaring with the albatross
Skimming the surface with shearwaters
ALBATROSS UNDER SIEGE
Fluttering above the surface with petrels
Pelicans and Other Pelecaniformes
Pelicans
Frigate birds
Boobies and gannets
Cormorants and shags
Phaethontidae — Tropicbirds
Sea Ducks and Geese: The Saltwater Variety
A Curious Mix: The Charadriiformes
Gulls, terns, skimmers, and friends
Gulls
Terns
Skimmers
Skuas (jaegers)
Auks, puffins, and other Alcids
Auks
Guillemots and murres
Puffins
Shorebirds and waders
Sandpipers
Stilts and avocets
Plovers
Oystercatchers
Sheathbills
Ospreys, Herons, Flamingos, and Other Seaside Attractions
Osprey
Eagles
Herons
Flamingos
Getting Warm and Fuzzy with Marine Mammals
What Makes Marine Mammals So Special?
Staying toasty
Breathing easy
Adapting to their food source
Crunchers crunch
Grazers graze
Biters chomp, and some slurp
Filter feeders strain their food
Adapting to salt water
Exhibiting special sensory adaptations
Getting Acquainted with the Cetaceans: Whales, Dolphins, and Porpoises
SIGNATURE WHISTLES
Sizing up baleen whales
WHALES UNDER SIEGE
Sinking your teeth into the toothed whales
Sperm whales and beaked whales
NATURAL-BORN DIVERS
Dolphins
Porpoises
Narwhals and belugas
Swimming with the Sirenians: Manatees and Dugongs
Seals, Walruses, and Other Pinnipeds
Earless (true) seals
Eared seals
Walruses
Stepping Out with the Marine Fissipeds
The ever-popular polar bears
POLAR BEARS AT RISK
Otters you “oughter” know
MODERN THREATS TO OTTERS
Grasping Basic Ocean Physics
Following the Ocean in Motion
Meeting the World’s Largest Wave Machine
Plain ol’ surface waves
WHAT IS A WAVE, ANYWAY?
Tsunamis: So-called tidal waves
Rising and falling with the tides
Going unnoticed: Internal waves
Upwelling and Downwelling in the Water Column
Riding the Currents: The Ocean’s Global Conveyor Belt
Knowing Where the Winds Blow
Going Round and Round with Gyres
Following the Ups and Downs of Sea Levels
A DROP IN SEA LEVEL?
Driving Climate and Weather
Understanding the Ocean’s Role in Climate and Weather
Differentiating climate and weather
Looking at how the ocean impacts climate and weather
Letting Off Some Steam
Hurricanes, cyclones, and typhoons
INCREASING DEVASTATION
Monsoons
El Niño and La Niña
Understanding Climate Change and Global Warming
NOT SO NEW
IT’S OFFICIAL
Understanding the Human-Ocean Connection
Taking a Quick Dip into the History of Underwater Exploration
Getting to the Bottom of Things
Diving bells
UNDERSTANDING DECOMPRESSION SICKNESS
Hard-hat diving helmets and suits
The self-contained underwater breathing apparatus (SCUBA)
Submersibles
The Bathysphere
HANS HASS
Bathyscaphe Trieste
Alvin
Remote-controlled submersibles
FREEDIVING: BEFORE ALL THE FANCY TECHNOLOGY
Setting Up Shop in Underwater Research Stations
Conshelf
SeaLabs
Aquarius
Checking Out Other Ocean Monitoring Gadgets and Technologies
Buoys (moored and drifting)
Coring, dredging, and trawling tools
Water column samplers
Sonar and lidar
The Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS)
Tapping the Ocean’s Resources: The Blue Economy
Supplying the World’s Seafood Diet
Harvesting plant life, too
Growing our own supplies: Aquaculture and mariculture
Tapping the Sea as a Source for Fresh Water
Shipping Goods ‘Round the World
Digging Up Gold, Diamonds, and Other Valuables: Deep-Sea Mining
Harnessing the Ocean’s Energy Resources
PUMPING OIL AND GAS FROM BELOW THE SEAFLOOR
Discovering New Medications
Capitalizing on Tourism and Recreation
Accounting for a Few Ancillary Ocean Benefits
Carbon storage (a.k.a. blue carbon)
Coastal protection
Cultural value
Biodiversity
Governing the Ocean: Treaties, Laws, Agreements, and Enforcement
Recognizing the Two Systems of Law That Govern the Seas
Admiralty Law
The Law of the Sea
Establishing Sovereign and International Jurisdictions
Understanding sovereign jurisdiction
Extending sovereignty across contiguous zones
Extending sovereignty to exclusive economic zones (EEZs)
Addressing the gray areas
Ruling the high seas: International jurisdiction
Policing the Ocean and Enforcing the Laws
Preventing illegal, unregulated, and unreported (IUU) fishing
Combating piracy on the high seas
SOMALI PIRATES
Taking Care of the Ocean That Takes Care of Us
Keeping Tabs on Ocean Health
Zeroing in on the Problems
Pollution
Plastic
PHOTODEGRADATION VERSUS BIODEGRADATION
Oil spills and other oil pollution
Sunscreen
Runoff
Sound pollution
Light pollution
Overfishing
Acidification
Habitat destruction
Invasive species
Warming sea temperatures
Coming Up with Solutions
Improving socioeconomic conditions
Building marine sanctuaries
THE POWER OF ONE
Cutting greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions
Restoring and conserving coastal and ocean habitats
CULTIVATING CORAL
Reducing the impact of plastics and other trash
Preventing and recovering from overfishing
Engaging youth
Get involved!
The Part of Tens
Ten Deadly Ocean Creatures
Saltwater Crocodiles
Fugu Fish
Killer Whales
Blue-Ringed Octopus
Sea Snake
Stone Fish
Sharks (But Not All of Them)
Cone Snails
Box Jellyfish
Humans
Ten Ocean Myths Busted
Melting Sea Ice Increases Sea Levels
Sharks Must Swim Constantly to Survive
Some Penguins Can Fly
Salt Water Kills Bacteria
Seawater Is Just Salty Water
Waterspouts Are Tornadoes Over Water
The Great Pacific Garbage Patch Is a Solid Mat of Plastic
All Jellies Can Sting Humans
The Ocean Is Blue Because It Reflects the Color of the Sky
Nothing Lives in the Middle of the Ocean
Ten Ways You Can Help Preserve the Ocean
Reduce Your Carbon Footprint
Steer Clear of Plastics
Make Sustainable Seafood Choices
Use Ocean-Friendly Sunscreen
Don’t Buy Products That Exploit Marine Life
Vote for the Ocean with an Environmental Conscience
Defend Your Drain: Use Natural Products
Protect Your Local Watershed
Make It a Family Affair
Join and Support Ocean Conservation Organizations
Index. A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
Y
Z
About the Authors
Dedication
Authors’ Acknowledgments
Full Image Credits for Public Domain Images
WILEY END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT
