The New Gender Paradox

Оглавление

Judith Lorber. The New Gender Paradox

Table of Contents

Guide

Pages

The New Gender Paradox. Fragmentation and Persistence of the Binary

Copyright Page

Acknowledgments

Introduction

Terms

1 How Gendered People, Organizations, and Societies Are Constructed

Ethnomethodological insights into gender construction

Doing gender

Gender as performativity

Constructing gendered structures

Gender regimes

Gender as a social institution

Conclusion

2 Fragmentation of the Gender Binary

Multiple genders

Gender-neutral bathrooms

Intersex identifiers

Intersex athletes

Menstruating and birthing men

Battle of the pronouns

Doing research without the gender binary

Pros and cons of fragmenting the gender binary

Conclusion

3 Persistence of the Gender Binary

The myth of female and male brains

Gendered research

Standpoint theory

Hegemonic masculinity and the “new” masculinities

The #MeToo movement

Gender-based violence

Sexuality and the binary

Transgender and the binary

Pros and cons of binary persistence

Conclusion

4 Why Haven’t We Had a Gender Revolution?

The politics of identity

Borderlands

The politics of empowerment

The gender frame

Towards gender equality

Producing gender-equal behavior

Conclusion

References

Index

About the Author

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Отрывок из книги

Judith Lorber

The inspiration for the book came from J. Lorber (2018), “Paradoxes of Gender Redux: Multiple Genders and the Persistence of the Binary,” in J. W. Messerschmidt, P. Y. Martin, M. A. Messner, and R. Connell (eds), Gender Reckonings: New Social Theory and Research, New York: New York University Press.

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Constructionist feminist theory and research subsequently focused on how girls and women consciously learn heterosexual gender displays and subservient behavior as strategies to attract a husband, but seemed to assume that boys and men absorbed the attitudes of patriarchal privilege much less consciously. Since consciousness raising was at one time a radical feminist political strategy, it would seem that without the “click” of self-awareness, women are no more conscious of the gender construction of their lives than men are.

The use of Agnes in the feminist literature as a model of the production of femininity by “normal, natural females” greatly expanded the concept of gender construction. A huge body of empirical research shows how girls and women in western societies are made docile, submissive, emotional, and nurturant through socialization by parents, teachers, peers, and imitation of constantly presented media depictions of heterosexual attractiveness. Later work on masculinity shows that the same process takes place in the making of assertive, emotionally repressed, sexually aggressive boys and men, with the addition of sports as an arena for reward and emulation of violent behavior (Messner 2002).

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