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Works in Continental Philosophy
GENERAL EDITOR JOHN R. SILBER
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Existence, consciousness in general, and spirit—and the worlds corresponding to them—comprise the immanent modes of the encompassing. But they do not exhaust it. There are in addition the transcendent modes of Existenz and Transcendence. The centrality of these two modes, and especially of Existenz, constitutes the distinctive character of contemporary existential philosophy as the present form of the perennial philosophy. Emphasis upon them is a protest against the objectifying and dehumanizing tendencies in modern thought (philosophical as well as scientific) and against our increasingly technological and rationalized culture. The nature of these two modes and the relation between them are not very clear. But the following interpretation comes close to what Jaspers intends.
Existenz cannot be described even in a general way as the immanent modes can. Because it is a possibility in all men, it can only be pointed to or appealed to. But two features of it stand out. First, it is absolutely unique. It is each individual human being as a particular, concrete historical being in so far as he is authentic. In this sense Jaspers uses Existenz to refer to individual persons. He speaks of Existenz as doing or willing something. Secondly, Existenz is the ultimate source or ground of each individual self. In this latter capacity, it is best thought of as a principle of freedom, creativity, or pure spontaneity. It does not refer to an individual, but to a quality of life-authentic existence—in which individuals may or may not participate. In this sense Existenz is a universal structure, and Jaspers describes it by means of such concepts as historicity, freedom, resoluteness, and so on. In addition, he almost always refers to it as “possible Existenz” rather than as an actuality, because in principle it can never be fully actualized. Every actualization of Existenz results in some concrete and determinate creation, that is, some objectification of itself. But Existenz remains an origin (Ursprung), a limitless field of possibility. Consequently, man as Existenz completely transcends all that he is, knows or does. Existenz is the primordial, spontaneous depth of each self. Never given, it must be actualized by each person.
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