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Katherine Bischoping. Analyzing Talk in the Social Sciences
Analyzing Talk in the Social Sciences
Table of Contents
About the Authors
About The Companion Website
One Introduction. Why You Should Read this Book
Why Talk Data? Why these Three Strategies?
Our Approach
Textbox 1.1: If It Were a Game …
Part I Analyzing Narratives
Two Broad Strokes Approaches to Narrative Analysis
Knowing the Past through Oral History. Ontology and Epistemology in the Realist Paradigm
Strategies for Rigorous Realist Analysis
The Case of Testimonio
Textbox 2.1: A Summary of Strategies for Knowing the Past
Knowing the Present through Oral History. Ontology, Epistemology, and Rigor in the Constructionist Paradigm
Plural Pasts and their Present-day Meanings
Textbox 2.2: A Summary of Strategies for Knowing the Present through Oral Histories
Studying the Processes of the Life Course
Textbox 2.3: A Summary of Strategies for Analyzing Life Course Processes
Studying the Self as Essence or as Narrative Process
Textbox 2.4: A Summary of Strategies for Studying the Narrative Process
Chapter Summary
Three Fine-grained Analyses of Meaning
Textbox 3.1: A Summary of Strategies for Beginning Fine-grained Analysis of Meaning
Analyzing Emplotment, Up Close. Labov and Waletzky’s Model of the Story
Textbox 3.2: Mollie’s Worst Job
Textbox 3.3: A Summary of Strategies for Analyzing Emplotment
Discerning the Language of Agency
Textbox 3.4: Voice and Nominalization
Textbox 3.5: A Summary of Strategies for Discerning the Language of Agency
Observing Uses of Imagery and Figurative Language
Textbox 3.6: Translating Talk of Self-love and ‘Jihad’
Textbox 3.7: A Summary of Strategies for Observing Imagery and Figurative Language
Listening to the Sounds of Stories
Textbox 3.8: And then
Textbox 3.9: A Summary of Strategies for Listening to Sounds of Story
Chapter Summary
FOUR The Interview in Narrative Analysis
Being Reflexive about Standpoint and Representation
The Basics of Standpoint and Representation
Strategies Based on Standpoints
Strategies Linking Analysis to Representation
Textbox 4.1: A Summary of Strategies for Analyzing Standpoints and Representation
Being Reflexive about Embodiment
Textbox 4.2: A Summary of Strategies for Being Reflexive about Embodiment
Being Reflexive about Notions of a ‘Good’ Story
A Good Story’s Reportability
A Good Story’s Liveability
Textbox 4.3: What’s to tell
A Good Story’s Coherence
Textbox 4.4: Me and the Hulkster
A Good Story’s Fidelity
Textbox 4.5: A Summary of Strategies for Being Reflexive about a ‘Good’ Story
Chapter Summary
Part II Analyzing Talk-in-interaction
List of Some Transcription Symbols
Five The Basics of Conversation Analysis. The Founding Insight of Conversation Analysis
Understanding the Conversation Analysis Paradigm. Ontology and Epistemology in CA
Rigor in CA
Textbox 5.1: A Summary of Strategies for Understanding the Basic CA Paradigm
Analyzing the Mechanisms of Everyday Talk
Taking Turns in Everyday Talk
Textbox 5.2: When was it the worst?
Two-turn Sequences in Everyday Talk
Repair in Everyday Talk
Extended Sequences in Everyday Talk
Textbox 5.3: Well we have some news for you
Topics in CA
Textbox 5.4: A Summary of Strategies for Analyzing the Mechanisms of Everyday Talk
Chapter Summary
SIX Conversation Analysis Approaches to Social Categories
Introducing Membership Categorization Analysis. The Basics of MCA
Strategies for Doing MCA
Textbox 6.1: Worse than When Harry Met Sally
Textbox 6.2: A Summary of Strategies for Doing MCA
CA and Categories: Debating the Alternatives
Textbox 6.3: It’s a her
Textbox 6.4: A Summary of Strategies for Engaging with CA and its Alternatives
Chapter Summary
SEVEN Institutional Talk-in-interaction
Learning the Basics of Institutional Talk-in-interaction
Textbox 7.1: A Summary of Strategies Based on Understanding the Basics of Institutional Talk-in-interaction
Analyzing How Institutional Work Gets Done in Stages
Textbox 7.2: Nine one one?
Textbox 7.3: Moving to Denver
Textbox 7.4: A Summary of Strategies for Analyzing How Institutional Work Gets Done in Stages
Studying Turn-taking within Institutions
Textbox 7.5: A Summary of Strategies for Studying Turn-taking within Institutions
Analyzing Other Mechanisms of Institutional Talk
Textbox 7.6: It is only theoretical
Textbox 7.7: Nothing to do with my disease
Textbox 7.8: If you can sort of hit your wife
Textbox 7.9: A Summary of Strategies for Analyzing Other Mechanisms of Institutional Talk
Chapter Summary
Eight The Interview in Conversation Analysis
Pinning Down the Qualitative Research Interview
Textbox 8.1: You don’t feel like they’re open minded
Textbox 8.2: I’ve got dodgy ankles
Textbox 8.3: A Summary of Strategies for Pinning Down the Qualitative Research Interview
Asking What Talk about Categories Accomplishes
Textbox 8.4: A little squarehead
Textbox 8.5: Your bento
Textbox 8.6: Women don’t have any kind of comparison
Textbox 8.7: A Summary of Strategies for Analyzing what Talk about Categories Accomplishes
Studying Focus Groups through a CA Lens
Textbox 8.8: I think many of us had him
Textbox 8.9: Nobody likes fish fingers
Textbox 8.10: A Summary of Strategies for Studying Focus Groups through a CA Lens
Chapter Summary
Part III Analyzing Discourse
Nine Foucauldian Discourse Analysis
Introducing Foucault
Ontology, Epistemology, and Rigor in Post-structuralist Research
Textbox 9.1: A Summary of How to Approach Discourse as a Foucauldian
Unpacking Power, Knowledge, and the Subject
Doing Foucauldian DA
Strategies for Analyzing Power, Knowledge, and the Subject
Textbox 9.2: Pepping yourself up
Textbox 9.3: A Summary of Strategies for Doing Foucauldian DA
Chapter Summary
Ten Critical Discourse Analysis
Understanding the Principles of CDA
Ontology and Epistemology in a Critical Paradigm
Rigor in CDA
Textbox 10.1: Tenets of CDA
Textbox 10.2: A Summary of How to Approach Discourse through CDA
Doing CDA
CDA Strategies
Textbox 10.3: If you don’t ask
Textbox 10.4: A Summary of Strategies for Doing CDA
Chapter Summary
ELEVEN Garden-variety Discourse Analysis
Understanding the Discourse–Society Dialectic
Textbox 11.1: The Ontario Day Nurseries Act
Unraveling Identities and Subjectivities
Textbox 11.2: A Summary of Strategies for Unraveling Identities and Subjectivities
Analyzing Power and Discourse
Using Ideology in Garden-Variety DA
Textbox 11.3: You’re not going to get there
Textbox 11.4: A Summary of Strategies for Analyzing Power and Ideology
Working with Time
Textbox 11.5: A Summary of Strategies for Analyzing Time
Chapter Summary
TWELVE The Interview in Discourse Analysis
Being Reflexive about Power in DA. The Power of Discourse
Textbox 12.1: Sort of like an inner-city kind of thing
Textbox 12.2: I don’t have any feelings about who I am
The Power of the Research Process
The Micro–Macro Dynamics of Power
Textbox 12.3: A Summary of Strategies for Being Reflexive about Power
Being Reflexive about Performativity and Performance
Textbox 12.4: Performing Race in Interviews
Textbox 12.5: A Summary of Strategies for Being Reflexive about Performativity/Performance
Being Reflexive about Positioning
Textbox 12.6: A Summary of Strategies for Being Reflexive about Positioning
Chapter Summary
Thirteen Conclusion. Now That You’ve Read this Book
What you’ve Learned about Talk
Remember Those Scenarios?
Why you Should Close this Book
References
Index
Отрывок из книги
Narrative, Conversation and Discourse Strategies
We also could not have written it without our graduate students, who read whole or partial chapters or simply talked with us about some dilemma we faced as we were writing. We particularly thank Kritee Ahmed, Bojan Bac´a, Krista Banasiak, Megan Butryn, Selom Chapman-Nyaho, Ian Davidson, Julianne DiSanto, Erkan Ercel, Zhipeng Gao, Markus Gerke, Duygu Gül Kaya, Caitlin Janzen, Azar Masoumi, Shihoko Nakagawa, Marc Sinclair, Gökbörü Tanyıldız, and Jason Webb, as well as students in our graduate courses in Interviewing Methods and Qualitative Methods. For meeting the challenges of research assistance and support, we thank Rawan Abdelbaki, Daniel Blais, Angelina Duhig, and Adam King.
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Another common strategy for oral historians is to explore the dynamic between a state’s official history, i.e., its public narrative of its history, which it bolsters with commemorations, museums, monuments, and so forth, and a multiplicity of possible histories from below. Such histories are based on memories of the everyday lives of disenfranchised groups or – in postcolonial contexts – of subalterns who fall outside the power structures of both the colony they inhabit and their colonizers’ homeland. In some instances, such as Johnson’s (2005) Whanganui River example, mentioned above, a history from below unambiguously contests an official account: there is no singular past here, but rather, pasts that are plural, local, and contingent. (For an accessible discussion of the postmodern vision of multiple histories to which this is related, we recommend Keith Jennings’s (2003) Re-Thinking History.) But, in other instances, dominant narratives are so constraining that histories from below do not emerge fully fledged so much as in ambivalent fragments, contradictions, and silences, for which an analyst should be alert (Jennings, 2004: Loh, 2013; Stoler and Strassler, 2006). If the relations of power to knowledge and to what can be expressed interest you, then so will the Part III discussions of discourse analysis strategies, which can be applied to oral history data.
Following from the formulation of Halbwachs and those working in his tradition, when autobiographical memories turn out to differ from official history, a useful tactic may be to examine whether families, distinctive for combining an intergenerational structure with passionate bonds and day-to-day transmission of memories, shape how the differences are negotiated (see Assmann, 2008; Erll, 2011; Mason, 2008). In Dhooleka Sarhadi Raj’s (2000) valuable formulation, this might be better expressed in terms of the transmission of ignorance, than of memory. Studying Hindu families in Delhi whose first generations had arrived as refugees from Pakistan at the time of British India’s Partition, Raj shows how the refugee generation avoided speaking of the hardships of their displacement. She traces this generation’s strategy of deliberate forgetting to its desire for successive generations to fall in with India’s official history, which depicts state formation as a glorious moment of independence. Although Raj’s example is of a generation forcibly aligning the memories it transmits with what official history would endorse, such is not always the case. In other settings, as in post-World War II Germany, family loyalties and affections have fostered narratives in which family members are glowingly painted in terms that contradict an official history critical of the Third Reich (Welzer et al., 2001). Within families, it may be the weak, those positioned as most easily disturbed by harsh truths, who paradoxically are positioned as holding the greatest power over what is narrated in other settings.
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