Care and Capitalism

Care and Capitalism
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The logics and ethics of neoliberal capitalism dominate public discourses and politics in the early twenty-first century. They morally endorse and institutionalize forms of competitive self-interest that jettison social justice values, and are deeply antithetical to love, care and solidarity. But capitalism is neither invincible nor inevitable. While people are self-interested, they are not purely self-interested: they are bound affectively and morally to others, even to unknown others. The cares, loves and solidarity relationships within which people are engaged give them direction and purpose in their daily lives. They constitute cultural residuals of hope that stand ready to move humanity beyond a narrow capitalism-centric set of values. In this instructive and inspiring book, Kathleen Lynch sets out to reclaim the language of love, care and solidarity both intellectually and politically and to place it at the heart of contemporary discourse. Her goal is to help unseat capital at the gravitational centre of meaning-making and value, thereby helping to create logics and ethical priorities for politics that are led by care, love and solidarity.

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Kathleen Lynch. Care and Capitalism

Table of Contents

List of Tables

List of Illustrations

Guide

Pages

Care and Capitalism. Why Affective Equality Matters for Social Justice

Copyright Page

Dedication

Acknowledgements

Introduction

Neoliberal Capitalism

Creating a Care-Centric Narrative

Building on the Work of Mothers and Others

The Text

Notes

1 Care and Capitalism: Matters of Social Justice and Resistance

Neglect of Affective Relations

Ontological impediments to recognizing affective relations

Affective Equality

Neoliberal Capitalism, Inequality and Care

The anti-care culture of neoliberal politics

Domination and carelessness: pre-capitalist antecedents

Ideological matters

Conclusion: Contradictions, Residuals and Resistances

Affective relations of love, care and solidarity: unincorporated residuals

Notes

2 Care as Abject: Capitalism, Masculinity, Bureaucracy, Class and Race

Patriarchy and Capitalism Interface

Racialized care

Patriarchy: historical considerations

The role of ideas in legitimating subordination

Hegemonic masculinity

Men Leading Capitalism

The material dividend of patriarchy

The gender order of caring in families

Bureaucracy, Hierarchy and the State

Women in Bureaucratic Organizations

Being a Man

Care as Abject

Denigration of care and domestic labour

Abjection and capitalism

Conclusion

Notes

3 Making Love: Love Labour as Distinctive and Non-Commodifiable

Introduction

Love as Other in the Academy

Making Love Commercial

Love in the Context of Care

Love Labouring as Distinctive

The professional love dimension of secondary care relations

Why Love Matters and Is Not Commodifiable

Conclusion

Notes

4 Time to Care

On Time

Hands-On Care as Process and Practice: A View from Primary Care Studies. Care, time and values

The time it takes

Bureaucracy, Time and Care

Capitalism and Time

Capitalism and Speed

Neoliberal Capitalism and Care Time

Speeding Up Care

Technology and Care Time

Assistive Technologies of Care

Mining Care Data for Profit: Affective Computing

Migration and the Geographies of Time for Care

Conclusion

Notes

5 Liberalism, Care and Neoliberalism

Methodological Individualism

The Limits of Liberalism Reformism

Groups and Group Identities

Liberalism Accepting Structural Inequalities

Intersectionality of Inequalities: Why They Matter for Care

Processes of acquiring social goods as sites of injustice

The Public, the Private and the Politics of Care

Conclusion

Notes

6 Individualism and Capitalism: From Personalized Salvation to Human Capitals

Individualism in Historical Context

Individualism in Europe

Individualism within the European Christian Tradition

The Individual as Human Capital

Capital’s mobile individual

The Political Imaginary of Homo Economicus in Education

Care-Free and Technologically Assisted

The Independent Citizen

The Care Contradictions of Capitalism

Conclusion

Notes

7 Care-Harming Ideologies of Capitalism: Competition, Measurement and Meritocratic Myths

Ideology

Comparing and Ordering

Competition

Judgement and harm

Competition: the moral and psychic impact

Numbering enabling competition

Metrics Undermining Care, an Immeasurable

Equality of Opportunity and Meritocracy

Creating a culture of arrogance and blame

Conclusion

Notes

8 The Violation of Non-Human Animals

Violation

The Anthropocentrism of Language

Care of Non-Human Animals and Social Justice

Distributive Justice, Missing Animals

Ethicists, Welfarists and Animal Rights

Moral Indifference to Violence against Non-Human Animals

Guilt

Capitalism and the Abuse of Animals

Conclusion: Learning Not to Care for Non-Human Animals

Notes

9 Violence and Capitalism

Violence, Care and the Separation of Spheres

Forms of Violence

Violating the Impoverished

Capitalism and Violence

The Violence of Allowing People to Die

The State and Violence

Capitalism Building on Other Injustices: Race and Violence

Capitalism and Gender-Based Violence

Sex industry violence

Conclusion

Notes

10 Resisting Intellectually, Politically, Culturally and Educationally

The Contradictions of Care and Capitalism

Capitalism’s Internal Contradictions

Resisting Capitalism

Affective Relational Resistances and Refusals

Education and Resistance to Capitalism

Notes

Postscript: Care Lessons from the Covid-19 Pandemic. Privileged Ignorance

Touch, Presence and the Limits of Technology

Death in Care Homes: Questions on the Corporatization of Care

The Pandemic: A Care- and Rights-Based Perspective on Justice

Notes

References

Index

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Kathleen Lynch

I also want to express my appreciation to the many universities that invited me to speak on affective equality and social justice in recent years, as these visits both enriched and challenged my thinking: the Autonomous University of Barcelona, City University of New York, Glasgow Caledonian University, the WISE Centre for Economic Justice, the Havens-Wright Center, University of Wisconsin Madison, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Universities of Linköping and Örebro, Sweden, University of Melbourne, University of Macedonia in Thessaloniki, Greece, University of Oulu, Finland, University of Oxford, UK, Peking University, Beijing, and University of Siegen, Germany.

.....

The first part of the book is devoted to examining care matters inside and outside capitalism. Because being vulnerable and needy is defined as a sign of weakness in pre-market (Nussbaum 1995a) as well as market societies (Fraser and Gordon 1997), the work of caring for needy and dependent others is not regarded as citizenship-defining (Sevenhuijsen 1998; Lister 2003). It is lowly work undertaken with lowly people. Chapter 2 explores how women, as society’s default carers (and carers generally), are made abject by association. The devaluation of care, especially hands-on care and the hands-on manual labour that is intrinsic to it, and the devaluation of women are not just inextricably linked; the devaluation of care is a major generative reason why women are disrespected and undervalued within and without capitalism.

As the production and reproduction of social classes require care labour, both the care of people, and of those parts of nature that are available for exploitation and commodity production (Patel and Moore 2018), to get this work completed, capitalism builds on and exacerbates pre-existing gendered care exploitations (Dalla Costa and James 1972; Folbre 1994, 2020; Federici 2012), in classed and racialized ways (Duffy 2005, 2011).

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