Insatiable Appetites

Insatiable Appetites
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A comparative history of cross-cultural encounters and the critical role of cannibalism in the early modernperiod Cannibalism, for medieval and early modern Europeans, was synonymous with savagery. Humans who ate other humans, they believed, were little better than animals. The European colonizers who encountered Native Americans described them as cannibals as a matter of course, and they wrote extensively about the lurid cannibal rituals they claim to have witnessed. In this definitive analysis, Kelly L. Watson argues that the persistent rumors of cannibalism surrounding Native Americans served a specific and practical purpose for European settlers. These colonizers had to forge new identities for themselves in the Americas and find ways to not only subdue but also co-exist with native peoples. They established hierarchical categories of European superiority and Indian inferiority upon which imperial power in the Americas was predicated. In her close read of letters, travel accounts, artistic renderings, and other descriptions of cannibals and cannibalism, Watson focuses on how gender, race, and imperial power intersect within the figure of the cannibal. Watson reads cannibalism as a part of a dominant European binary in which civilization is rendered as male and savagery is seen as female, and she argues that as Europeans came to dominate the New World, they continually rewrote the cannibal narrative to allow for a story in which the savage, effeminate, cannibalistic natives were overwhelmed by the force of virile European masculinity. Original and historically grounded, Insatiable Appetites uses the discourse of cannibalism to uncover the ways in which difference is understood in the West.

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Kelly L. Watson. Insatiable Appetites

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Insatiable Appetites

Advisory Board

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The ethnohistorian Thomas Abler confronts Arens in his article “Iroquois Cannibalism: Fact not Fiction” and debunks several of Arens’s assertions.30 Arens states that there is no definitive evidence of cannibalism in the Jesuit Relations, the compilations of reports from missionaries, which I discuss in greater detail in chapter 4. However, as Abler adroitly points out, thirty-one volumes contain references to cannibalism.31 Certainly the mere preponderance of references in the Jesuit Relations does not prove that the practice actually occurred, but when viewed in concert with the evidence for Iroquois cannibalism in speeches and captivity narratives, it is quite clear that anthropophagy did occur.

This project lends itself naturally to a comparative analysis; in order to draw conclusions about discourses of cannibalism in early postencounter North America, it is necessary to evaluate a range of sources from several imperial contexts, in addition to the social and cultural traditions of the Native group in question. D. W. Meinig’s characterization of the Spanish conquest as “stratification,” the French conquest as “articulation,” and the English conquest as “expulsion” serves as a useful model.32 The means and goals of empire had consequences not only for the frequency of reports of cannibalism but also in regard to the power of such reports in propelling conquest and colonization.

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