Trotsky in New York, 1917

Trotsky in New York, 1917
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Lev Davidovich Trotsky burst onto the world stage in November 1917 as co-leader of a Marxist Revolution seizing power in Russia. It made him one of the most recognized personalities of the Twentieth Century, a global icon of radical change. Yet just months earlier, this same Lev Trotsky was a nobody, a refugee expelled from Europe, writing obscure pamphlets and speeches, barely noticed outside a small circle of fellow travelers. Where had he come from to topple Russia and change the world? Where else? New York City. Between January and March 1917, Trotsky found refuge in the United States. America had kept itself out of the European Great War, leaving New York the freest city on earth. During his time there—just over ten weeks—Trotsky immersed himself in the local scene. He settled his family in the Bronx, edited a radical left wing tabloid in Greenwich Village, sampled the lifestyle, and plunged headlong into local politics. His clashes with leading New York socialists over the question of US entry into World War I would reshape the American left for the next fifty years.

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Kenneth D. Ackerman. Trotsky in New York, 1917

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To my grandparents Rubin Mendel and Ides Bronfeld—loved, remembered, and appreciated by five generations of descendants—who fled Poland for America as a result of the 1920 Soviet Russian invasion of Poland led by the then Soviet people’s commissar for military and naval affairs, Leon Trotsky.

And to my friend and colleague Bob Hahn, part of our OFW Law family, who touched all who knew him and who, typically, dropped all else to share with me his clear-eyed insights on this manuscript, before we lost him without warning and far too soon. I hope his sense of excellence has rubbed off on these pages.

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Despite all these tensions, French authorities mostly left Trotsky alone. They let him enjoy his cafés, his leftist friends, and his travels. They even gave him a passport in 1915 to leave France altogether for a trip to Switzerland. Here, Trotsky would attend a small conference of socialists in the resort town of Zimmerwald that would cast a long shadow over the future. Beyond everything else, it would feature the last major pre-1917 clash between Trotsky and his then-leading rival in the small world of Russian émigré socialists, the intense bearded man who would lead the Russian Revolution, Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov, or Lenin.

TODAY, A CENTURY later, Americans mostly think of Lenin and Trotsky together, as the inseparable coauthors of the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution, famous partners in crime. Modern Russians see them differently, swayed unavoidably by the bloodstained later efforts of another rival, Joseph Stalin, to vilify Trotsky, kill thousands of his backers, and literally erase him from the country’s history. For Russians today, Trotsky is a vague blank figure, largely missing from civics books.

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