Реклама. ООО «ЛитРес», ИНН: 7719571260.
Introduction
Chapter 1. CE in developed countries
1.1. The USA
1.2. Developed countries of the EU
1.2.1. Estonia
1.2.2. Switzerland
1.2.3. Germany
1.2.4. Netherlands
1.3. Australia
1.4. Canada
1.5. Andorra
1.6. South Korea
1.7. Japan
Conclusions on chapter 1
Chapter 2. CE in developing countries
2.1. Russia
2.2. Georgia
2.3. Asian countries
2.3.1. China
2.3.2 Central Asian
2.3.2.1 Kazakhstan
2.3.2.2. Uzbekistan
2.3.3. ASEAN countries
2.3.3.1. Indonesia
2.4. Latin American countries
2.4.1. Brazil
2.4.2 Mexico
2.5. Africa
2.5.1. South African
2.5.2. Kenya
Conclusions for chapter 2
Chapter 3. CE in least developed countries
3.1. Haiti
3.2. Rwanda
Conclusions of chapter 3
Chapter 4. Development of circular business models in Georgia: economic justification and implementation strategies
Introduction
4.1. Development of CE business models for Georgia
4.1.1. Organic waste recycling
4.1.2 Recycling of plastic and paper waste for reuse
4.1.3. Development of waste separation systems
4.1.4. Development of rental and shared use models
4.2. The role of innovation and technology in building a CE in Georgia
4.2.1. Waste recycling technologies
4.2.2. Digital tools for waste and secondary material coordination
4.3. The role of enterprises in the development of the CE
4.4. Assessment of the economic benefits of transitioning to a CE
Conclusions for сhapter 4
Conclusion
References
Economic and ecological challenges of the modern world are forcing traditional approaches to be reconsidered with regard to production and consumption. Contemporary realities urge scientists, economists, and policy makers to seek solutions that could guarantee long-term sustainability of economic systems at an appropriate standard of living for current and future generations. During the last few centuries, the linear economy has been the dominant model of economic activity and is based on the principle “take-make-dispose”.
Historically, the linear economy appeared during the Industrial Revolution when mass production and consumption became the foundation of economic growth. In a time when natural resources were abundant and the costs of their extraction and processing were relatively low, the “take-make-dispose” model was advantageous and convenient for economically developed countries. The main objective was to increase the volumes of production, while the environmental consequences remained on the periphery for a long time. With the increase in population size, urbanization, and standards of living, production and consumption started to reach scales whereby the negative impacts of a linear economy manifested themselves in pollution, waste accumulation, and resource depletion. Although the linear model favored economic growth and the improvement of the quality of life, its shortcomings started to be realized during the second half of the 20th century. It has been proved to be unsustainable since it did not consider finiteness in resources, nor does it provide for waste management or any method to reduce the environmental impact. In the present scenario, a linear economy cannot provide sustainable economic growth in the present scenario without considerable environmental and health hazards.
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This has a counterpart among the industrial companies in Estonia, with a bright example being Enefit Green, active in industrial waste usage for biomass and RE production. In 2023, the company was recycling organic waste in remarkable volumes that contributed to considerably lowering the environmental footprint of its production and improving circularity metrics.
Meanwhile, Estonian companies and startups also have contributions in regard to CE solutions. As one example, Polymer Deka has focused on the recycling of plastic waste; a developed technology allows converting plastic waste into new construction materials that make production with a low carbon footprint. EcoTree is another such startup processing wood waste to make environmentally friendly construction materials.
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