Оглавление
Laura E. Levine. Child Development From Infancy to Adolescence
Descriptions of Images and Figures
Child Development From Infancy to Adolescence
Child Development from Infancy to Adolescence
Brief Contents
Detailed Contents
List of Active Learning. Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
Chapter 13
Chapter 14
Chapter 15
Chapter 16
List of Journey of Research. Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 12
Chapter 13
Chapter 14
Chapter 15
Chapter 16
Preface
Philosophical Approach
An Emphasis on Learning How to Learn
Critical Thinking Skills
A Focus on What Constitutes Evidence
Pedagogical Features
Challenging Misconceptions: Test Your Knowledge
Active Learning
Journey of Research
Learning Questions and Self-Testing Review
Graphics, Artwork, and Videos
Key Topics. Neuroscience
Diversity and Culture
Developmental Psychopathology
What’s New in the Second Edition
Chapter 1. Issues and Themes in Child Development
Chapter 2. Theory and Research in Development
Chapter 3. Nature Through Nurture: Genes and Environment
Chapter 4. Prenatal Development, the Newborn, and the Transition to Parenthood
Chapter 5. Physical Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood
Chapter 6. Cognitive Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood
Chapter 7. Social and Emotional Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood
Chapter 8. Physical Development in Early Childhood
Chapter 9. Cognitive Development in Early Childhood
Chapter 10. Social and Emotional Development in Early Childhood
Chapter 11. Physical Development in Middle Childhood
Chapter 12. Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood
Chapter 13. Social and Emotional Development in Middle Childhood
Chapter 14. Physical Development in Adolescence
Chapter 15. Cognitive Development in Adolescence
Chapter 16. Social and Emotional Development in Adolescence
Ancillaries. Original Video
SAGE edge for Instructors
SAGE edge for Students
Acknowledgments
About the Authors
Part I Understanding Development: Why and How We Study Children and Adolescents
1 Issues and Themes in Child Development
Learning Questions
Why Study Childhood?
Understanding the Process of Development
Using Our Knowledge of Child Development
Parents and Family Members
Child Development Professionals
Policymakers
Check Your Understanding. Knowledge Questions
Critical Thinking
Understanding How Development Happens
Ages and Stages
Domains of Development
Themes in the Field of Child Development
Nature and Nurture
Continuous Versus Discontinuous Development
Stability Versus Change
Individual Differences
The Role of the Child in Development
Positive Psychology
Integrating Themes and Issues
Check Your Understanding. Knowledge Questions
Critical Thinking
Contexts of Development
Family
School
Community
Socioeconomic Status
Culture
Check Your Understanding. Knowledge Questions
Critical Thinking
Being a Smart Consumer of Information About Development
Knowing Your Sources
Becoming a Critical Thinker
Guarding Against Generalizations
Avoiding Perceptual Bias
Getting the Most From Your Textbook
Check Your Understanding. Knowledge Questions
Critical Thinking
Conclusion
1.1 Who needs to have a good understanding of child development and why?
1.2 What are the domains of child development and some recurring issues in the field?
1.3 What are the contexts for child development?
1.4 How can you be a smart consumer of information about development?
Key Terms
Descriptions of Images and Figures
2 Theory and Research in Development
Test Your Knowledge
Learning Questions
Why Theories of Development are Important
Check Your Understanding. Knowledge Questions
Critical Thinking
Theories of Child and Adolescent Development
Psychoanalytic Theory
Sigmund Freud’s Psychosexual Stages
Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages
Modern Applications of Psychoanalytic Theory
Check Your Understanding. Knowledge Questions
Critical Thinking
Learning Theories
John B. Watson and Classical Conditioning
Modern Applications of Classical Conditioning
B. F. Skinner and Operant Conditioning
Modern Applications of Operant Conditioning
Albert Bandura and Social Cognitive Theory
Modern Applications of Social Cognitive Theory
Check Your Understanding. Knowledge Questions
Critical Thinking
Theories of Cognitive Development
Jean Piaget’s Cognitive Developmental Theory
Modern Applications of Piaget’s Theory
Lev Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory
Modern Applications of Vygotsky’s Theory
Information Processing
Modern Applications of Information Processing
Check Your Understanding. Knowledge Questions
Critical Thinking
Evolutionary Theory: Ethology
Modern Applications of Evolutionary Theory
Check Your Understanding. Knowledge Questions
Critical Thinking
Ecological Theory
Modern Applications of Ecological Theory
Check Your Understanding. Knowledge Questions
Critical Thinking
Dynamic Systems Theory
Modern Applications of Dynamic Systems Theory
Check Your Understanding. Knowledge Questions
Critical Thinking
The Impact of Biology and Culture on Child Development Theory and Research
Neuropsychology and Behavioral Genetics
Developmental Theory in a Cultural Context
Check Your Understanding. Knowledge Questions
Critical Thinking
Comparison of Developmental Theories
Research Methods
The Scientific Method
Methods and Measures
Observations
Self-Report Measures
Standardized Tests
Physiological Measures
Archival Records
Case Studies
Ethnography
How Research Is Designed
Experimental Designs
Natural or “Quasi” Experiments
Correlational Designs
Developmental Research Designs
Interpreting and Using the Results of a Study
Check Your Understanding. Knowledge Questions
Critical Thinking
Ethics in Research With Children and Adolescents
Check Your Understanding. Knowledge Questions
Critical Thinking
Conclusion
2.1 What do child development theories tell us?
2.2 What are the hypotheses and modern applications of the major child development theories?
2.3 What role do neuropsychology, genetics, and culture play in the study of child development?
2.4 How is research on child development conducted?
2.5 What are ethical considerations in research with children and adolescents?
Key Terms
Descriptions of Images and Figures
Part II Foundations of Child Development
3 Nature Through Nurture: Genes and Environment
Test Your Knowledge
Learning Questions
The Study of Genes and Behavior
Check Your Understanding. Knowledge Questions
Critical Thinking
Molecular Genetics: Chromosomes, Genes, and DNA
Mendelian Inheritance: Dominant and Recessive Genes
One Behavior, Many Genes; One Gene, Many Effects
Check Your Understanding. Knowledge Questions
Critical Thinking
Genetic Disorders
Single-Gene Disorders
Chromosome Disorders
Multifactorial Inheritance Disorders
Genetic Counseling and Testing
Ethical Considerations in Genetic Testing
Treatment of Genetic Disorders
Check Your Understanding. Knowledge Questions
Critical Thinking
Behavioral Genetics
Studies of Adopted Children
Studies Comparing Identical and Fraternal Twins
Studies of Identical Twins Reared Apart
Personality Characteristics and Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS)
Check Your Understanding. Knowledge Questions
Critical Thinking
The Interaction of Genes and Environment
How the Environment Shapes Gene Expression
Canalization
Behavioral Epigenetics
Complexities in the Study of Gene-Environment Interaction
How Genes Shape the Environment
Check Your Understanding. Knowledge Questions
Critical Thinking
Conclusion
3.1 How has the study of genetic inheritance changed in the last century?
3.2 How do genes and chromosomes function?
3.3 How do genetic disorders develop, and what role do genetic testing and counseling play in identifying, preventing, and treating these disorders?
3.4 How do researchers study the relationship between genetic inheritance and individual traits and behavior?
3.5 How do genes and the environment interact?
Key Terms
Descriptions of Images and Figures
4 Prenatal Development, the Newborn, and the Transition to Parenthood
Test Your Knowledge
Learning Questions
The Three Stages of Prenatal Development
The Germinal Stage (Conception to 2 Weeks)
The Embryonic Stage (2 Weeks to 2 Months)
The Fetal Stage (2 Months to Birth)
Check Your Understanding. Knowledge Questions
Critical Thinking
Health and Risks in Pregnancy
Three Trimesters of Pregnancy
Miscarriage
Maternal Health and Well-Being
Maternal Diet
Exercise
Teratogens
Alcohol
Tobacco
Prescription and Over-the-Counter Drugs
Illegal Drugs
Diseases
Maternal Stress
Environmental Pollutants
Check Your Understanding. Knowledge Questions
Critical Thinking
The Birth Experience
Labor and Delivery
Birthing Options
The Baby’s Birth Experience
Check Your Understanding. Knowledge Questions
Critical Thinking
The Newborn
Newborn Capabilities
Infant States
Risks to the Newborn’s Health and Well-Being
Check Your Understanding. Knowledge Questions
Critical Thinking
The Transition to Parenthood
Becoming a Mother
Becoming a Father
Becoming a Family
Check Your Understanding. Knowledge Questions
Critical Thinking
Conclusion
4.1 What happens during the three stages of prenatal development?
4.2 What are some risks and health issues during pregnancy?
4.3 What happens during the process of labor and delivery?
4.4 How do newborns function, and what threatens their well-being?
4.5 How do people experience the transition to parenthood?
Key Terms
Descriptions of Images and Figures
Part III Infancy and Toddlerhood
5 Physical Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood
Test Your Knowledge
Learning Questions
Brain Development
Structures of the Brain
Developmental Processes
Neurons and Synaptic Connections
Plasticity of the Brain
Myelination of Neurons in the Brain
Mirror Neurons
Disorders Related to Brain Development
Cerebral Palsy
Autism Spectrum Disorder
Check Your Understanding. Knowledge Questions
Critical Thinking
Sensation and Perception
Development of the Five Senses
Vision
Hearing
Smell
Taste
Touch and Pain
Cross-Modal Transfer of Perception
Check Your Understanding. Knowledge Questions
Critical Thinking
Infant Body Growth and Motor Development
Infant Bodily Proportions
Motor Development
Infant Reflexes
Development of Motor Skills
Myelination of Motor Neurons
Variability in Motor Milestones
Effects of Motor Skill Development
Bladder and Bowel Control
Check Your Understanding. Knowledge Questions
Critical Thinking
Health and Nutrition
Breastfeeding
Caring for Teeth
Starting Solid Foods
Nutrition and Malnutrition
Sleep
Illnesses and Injuries: Prevention and Care
Vaccinations
Common Illnesses and Injuries
Infant Mortality
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)
Abusive Head Trauma and Shaken Baby Syndrome
Stress and Coping
Check Your Understanding. Knowledge Questions
Critical Thinking
Conclusion
5.1 How does the brain develop during infancy and what disabilities can occur?
5.2 How do the five senses develop in infancy and toddlerhood?
5.3 How do infants’ and toddlers’ physical appearance and motor abilities change as they grow?
5.4 What are the major health and nutrition issues in infancy and toddlerhood?
Key Terms
Descriptions of Images and Figures
6 Cognitive Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood
Test Your Knowledge
Learning Questions
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development
Basic Principles
The Sensorimotor Stage
Development From Reflexes to Goal-Directed Activity
Development of Object Permanence
Development From Motor Action to Mental Representation
Check Your Understanding. Knowledge Questions
Critical Thinking
Theory of Core Knowledge
Check Your Understanding. Knowledge Questions
Critical Thinking
Learning
Check Your Understanding. Knowledge Questions
Critical Thinking
Cognitive Processes
Attention
Memory
Executive Function
Social Cognition
Check Your Understanding. Knowledge Questions
Critical Thinking
Individual Differences in Cognitive Abilities
Check Your Understanding. Knowledge Questions
Critical Thinking
Language Development
Aspects of Language
Theories of Language Development
Behaviorism and Social Cognitive Learning Theory
Nativism
Interactionism
Cognitive Processing Theory: Statistical Learning
Language and the Brain
Stages of Language Development
Prenatal Foundations
Preverbal Perception of Language
Preverbal Communication: Cooing and Babbling
How Adults Foster Early Language Development
Shared Attention, Gestures, and Sign Language
Child-Directed Speech
Development of Words and Growth of Vocabulary
Two-Word Phrases
Check Your Understanding. Knowledge Questions
Critical Thinking
Threats to and Support for Cognitive and Language Development
Poverty
Media Use in Infancy
Promoting Cognitive and Language Development in Infants
Check Your Understanding. Knowledge Questions
Critical Thinking
Conclusion
6.1 What occurs during Piaget’s sensorimotor stage of cognitive development?
6.2 What is the premise of the theory of core knowledge?
6.3 How do infants learn?
6.4 What cognitive processes develop during infancy?
6.5 What aspects of infants’ cognitive development are the best predictors of later cognitive abilities?
6.6 How do infants develop language?
6.7 How can we ensure optimal cognitive and language development in infants?
Key Terms
Descriptions of Images and Figures
7 Social and Emotional Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood
Test Your Knowledge
Learning Questions
Emotions and Temperament: Universality and Difference
What Is Emotion?
Social Referencing
Empathy
Temperament
Emotional Self-Regulation in Infants and Toddlers
Check Your Understanding. Knowledge Questions
Critical Thinking
The Self in Infants and Toddlers
Mirror Self-Recognition
Use of Pronouns
Visual Perspective-Taking
Possessiveness
Check Your Understanding. Knowledge Questions
Critical Thinking
Attachment
The Development of Attachment: Bowlby’s Stages
Preattachment (Birth to 6 Weeks)
Attachment in the Making (6 Weeks to 6–8 Months)
Clear-Cut Attachment (6–8 Months to 18 Months–2 Years)
Goal-Corrected Partnership (18 Months On)
Security of Attachment
Attachment as a Relationship
The Role of the Mother
The Role of the Father
The Role of the Infant
All Together Now
The Biology of Attachment
Attachment and Culture
Continuity and Discontinuity in Attachment
Attachment Disorders
Check Your Understanding. Knowledge Questions
Critical Thinking
Contexts of Development
Family Relationships
Divorce
Grandparents Raising Grandchildren
Adoptive Families
Foster Care
Beyond the Family
Nonparental Child Care
Development of Peer Relationships
How Caregivers Transmit Culture to Infants
Check Your Understanding. Knowledge Questions
Critical Thinking
Conclusion
7.1 What are emotion and temperament?
7.2 How do infants and toddlers develop a sense of self?
7.3 How does attachment develop?
7.4 What are the contexts that shape infants’ development?
Key Terms
Descriptions of Images and Figures
Part IV Early Childhood
8 Physical Development in Early Childhood
Test Your Knowledge
Learning Questions
Body Growth and Changes
Measuring Growth
Changing Bodily Proportions
Motor Skill Development
Motor Disability: Developmental Coordination Disorder
Check Your Understanding. Knowledge Questions
Critical Thinking
Body Awareness, Body Image, and Sexuality
Check Your Understanding. Knowledge Questions
Critical Thinking
Brain Development
Typical Brain Development
Atypical Brain Development: Autism Spectrum Disorder
Check Your Understanding. Knowledge Questions
Critical Thinking
Health and Nutrition
Healthy Eating
Oral Health
Food Allergies
Physical Activity
Sleep
Check Your Understanding. Knowledge Questions
Critical Thinking
Illnesses and Threats to Health
Common Illnesses
Chronic Illnesses
Environmental Toxins and Threats
Pesticides
Lead
Environmental Effects on Chronic Diseases
Accidents
Check Your Understanding. Knowledge Questions
Critical Thinking
Child Maltreatment
Child Protective Services (CPS)
Incidence of Maltreatment
Victims and Perpetrators
Check Your Understanding. Knowledge Questions
Critical Thinking
Conclusion
8.1 What physical changes occur as children move from infancy into early childhood?
8.2 How do young children see and think about their changing bodies?
8.3 How are typical and atypical brain development similar, and how are they different?
8.4 What role do nutrition and good health habits play in early development?
8.5 What types of health threats can children in early childhood face?
8.6 How is child maltreatment a threat to young children?
Key Terms
Descriptions of Images and Figures
9 Cognitive Development in Early Childhood
Test Your Knowledge
Learning Questions
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development: The Preoperational Stage (2–7 Years)
Use of Symbols
Intuitive Thought
Egocentrism
Animism
Conservation
Check Your Understanding. Knowledge Questions
Critical Thinking
Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory of Cognitive Development
The Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)
Scaffolding
Check Your Understanding. Knowledge Questions
Critical Thinking
Cognitive Processes
Attention
Memory
Encoding Processes
False Memories
Executive Function
Social Cognition: Theory of Mind
Check Your Understanding. Knowledge Questions
Critical Thinking
Play and Cognitive Development
Development of Play
Symbolic/Sociodramatic Play
Check Your Understanding. Knowledge Questions
Critical Thinking
Language Development in Early Childhood
Development of Syntax
Egocentric Versus Private Speech
How Parents Promote Language Development in Young Children
Check Your Understanding. Knowledge Questions
Critical Thinking
Preacademic Skills: Reading, Writing, and Arithmetic
Learning to Read
Using Dialogic Reading
Learning to Write
Learning Arithmetic
Check Your Understanding. Knowledge Questions
Critical Thinking
Risk Factors and Supports for Cognitive and Language Development in Early Childhood
The Effects of Poverty
Supporting Academic Readiness
Early Childhood Education
Head Start and Early Head Start
Educational TV: Sesame Street
Starting School
Check Your Understanding. Knowledge Questions
Critical Thinking
Conclusion
9.1 What occurs during Piaget’s preoperational stage of cognitive development?
9.2 What are the basic processes associated with Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory?
9.3 How do attention, memory, executive function, and social cognition develop in early childhood?
9.4 Why is play important for cognitive development in early childhood?
9.5 How does language develop in early childhood?
9.6 How do children develop preacademic skills in reading, writing, and arithmetic?
9.7 What risk factors and supports exist for cognitive and language development in early childhood?
Key Terms
Descriptions of Images and Figures
10 Social and Emotional Development in Early Childhood
Test Your Knowledge
Learning Questions
Emotional Development
Self-Conscious Emotions
Representation and Regulation of Emotions
Check Your Understanding. Knowledge Questions
Critical Thinking
Self-Concept, Self-Esteem, and Self-Control
Self-Concept
Self-Esteem
Self-Control and Delay of Gratification
Check Your Understanding. Knowledge Questions
Critical Thinking
Development of Gender Identity
Behavioral and Social Learning Theories
Cognitive Developmental Theory
Gender Schema Theory
Gender Self-Socialization Model
Transgender Identity
Check Your Understanding. Knowledge Questions
Critical Thinking
Moral Development
The Role of the Environment
The Role of Emotional Development
The Role of Cognitive Development
Social Domain Theory
Check Your Understanding. Knowledge Questions
Critical Thinking
Family Relationships
Socialization
Parenting Strategies and Techniques
Parenting Styles
Interventions for a Better Family Life
Check Your Understanding. Knowledge Questions
Critical Thinking
Peer Relationships and the Role of Play
Emotional Development Through Play
Social Development Through Play
Check Your Understanding. Knowledge Questions
Critical Thinking
Risks, Resources, and Resilience
Poverty
Homelessness
Trauma and Its Effects
Check Your Understanding. Knowledge Questions
Critical Thinking
Conclusion
10.1 How do emotions change during early childhood?
10.2 How does the sense of self develop in early childhood?
10.3 How do different theories describe the development of gender identity?
10.4 What role do environmental influences, cognitive development, and emotional development play in the development of morality?
10.5 How are children socialized by their family to behave in a way that is appropriate for their culture?
10.6 What are play and peer relationships like during early childhood?
10.7 What risks and resources are relevant to social and emotional development in early childhood?
Key Terms
Descriptions of Images and Figures
Part V Middle Childhood
11 Physical Development in Middle Childhood
Test Your Knowledge
Learning Questions
Body Growth and Changes
Changing Bodily Proportions
Fine and Gross Motor Skills
Prepubescence
Sexual Abuse and Its Consequences
Check Your Understanding. Knowledge Questions
Critical Thinking
Brain Development
Typical Brain Development
Brain-Related Disorders
Check Your Understanding. Knowledge Questions
Critical Thinking
Health and Well-Being
Healthy Living in Middle Childhood
Healthy Eating
Obesity and Overweight
Eating Disorders
Teeth and Oral Health
Sleep
Media Use
Backpacks
Chronic Illnesses
Asthma
Diabetes
Chronic Illness and the Family
Stress
Check Your Understanding. Knowledge Questions
Critical Thinking
Physical Activity
The Role of Schools in Promoting Physical Activity
Physical Education
Recess
Intramural and Extracurricular Activities
Physical Activity Outside of School
Organized Sports
Sports-Related Injuries
The Role of Coaches
Check Your Understanding. Knowledge Questions
Critical Thinking
Children and the Natural World
Check Your Understanding. Knowledge Questions
Critical Thinking
Conclusion
11.1 How is physical growth different in middle childhood than in early childhood?
11.2 How does the brain change in middle childhood?
11.3 What are healthy practices for children in middle childhood and ways children and families deal with chronic illnesses?
11.4 What are the benefits and risks of different kinds of physical activities for children in middle childhood?
11.5 Why is contact with the natural world important for children?
Key Terms
Descriptions of Images and Figures
12 Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood
Test Your Knowledge
Learning Questions
Piaget’s Stage of Concrete Operations (7–12 Years)
Reversibility
Classification
Seriation
Evaluation of Piaget’s Stage of Concrete Operations
Check Your Understanding. Knowledge Questions
Critical Thinking
Cognitive Processes
Attention
Memory
Knowledge Base
False Memories
Executive Function
Check Your Understanding. Knowledge Questions
Critical Thinking
Language Development
Discourse Skills
Metalinguistic Awareness
Reading
Dyslexia
Writing
Bilingualism and Bilingual Education
Growing Up Bilingual
Bilingual Education
Culture, Identity, and Bilingualism
Communication Disorders
Check Your Understanding. Knowledge Questions
Critical Thinking
Intelligence
Defining Intelligence
Measuring Intelligence
Standardized Testing and Alternative Testing Methods
Neuroscience and Intelligence
Genes, Environment, and Intelligence
Alternate Views of Intelligence
Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences
Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory of Intelligence
Check Your Understanding. Knowledge Questions
Critical Thinking
Cognitive Deficits and Intellectual Gifts
Intellectual Disability
Giftedness
Check Your Understanding. Knowledge Questions
Critical Thinking
Academic Achievement
The Impact of the School Environment
Quality of Teaching and Class Size
Academic Expectations
Ability Grouping
Grade Retention
The Impact of Noncognitive Factors
Self-Control
Motivational Resilience and Vulnerability
Academic Mindsets
Boys and Girls in School
Check Your Understanding. Knowledge Questions
Critical Thinking
Conclusion
12.1 What occurs during Piaget’s stage of concrete operations?
12.2 How do attention, memory, and executive function develop in middle childhood?
12.3 How does language, including literacy, develop in middle childhood?
12.4 How can intelligence be defined and measured?
12.5 How do we define intellectual disability and giftedness?
12.6 How do the school environment and children’s individual characteristics affect children’s academic achievement?
Key Terms
Descriptions of Images and Figures
13 Social and Emotional Development in Middle Childhood
Test Your Knowledge
Learning Questions
The Self and Identity in School-Age Children
Self-Concept
Gender Identity
Ethnic and Racial Identity
Self-Esteem
Culture, Self-Concept, and Self-Esteem
Media, Self-Concept, and Self-Esteem
Check Your Understanding. Knowledge Questions
Critical Thinking
Emotional Development and Emotional Problems
Fear and Anxiety
Sadness and Depression
Anger and Aggression
Media and Aggression
Disorders Related to Anger and Aggression
Check Your Understanding. Knowledge Questions
Critical Thinking
Family Relationships
The Family as a System
The Parent-Child Relationship
Parenting in Cultural Context
Parental Control and Supervision
Growing Up With or Without Siblings
Shared and Nonshared Environments
Birth Order
Differential Parental Treatment
Only Children
Check Your Understanding. Knowledge Questions
Critical Thinking
Diversity in Family Life
Single-Parent Families
Divorce
Stepfamilies
Gay and Lesbian Parents
Children in Foster Care
Check Your Understanding. Knowledge Questions
Critical Thinking
Peer Relationships
Friendships and Social Status
The Role of Gender in Social Relationships
Bullying
Check Your Understanding. Knowledge Questions
Critical Thinking
Stress, Coping, and Resilience
Check Your Understanding. Knowledge Questions
Critical Thinking
Conclusion
13.1 How does the sense of self develop in middle childhood?
13.2 How does typical emotional development proceed during middle childhood and what problems do children have when they cannot manage or control their emotions?
13.3 What do we know about family relationships during middle childhood?
13.4 How does growing up in different family structures affect children’s development?
13.5 What affects the quality of a child’s peer relationships?
13.6 What supports children’s resilience in the face of adversity?
Key Terms
Descriptions of Images and Figures
Part VI Adolescence
14 Physical Development in Adolescence
Test Your Knowledge
Learning Questions
Brain Development
Typical Development
Brain Disorders: Schizophrenia
Check Your Understanding. Knowledge Questions
Critical Thinking
Body Growth and Changes
Physical Changes of Puberty
The Timing of Puberty
Celebrating Puberty: Adolescent Rites of Passage
Check Your Understanding. Knowledge Questions
Critical Thinking
Teens and Sexuality
Development of Sexual Preference
The Heterosexual Questionnaire
Reflection Questions
Risks of Sexual Maturation
Adolescent Pregnancies
Sexually Transmitted Infections and Diseases
Sex Trafficking and Prostitution
Check Your Understanding. Knowledge Questions
Critical Thinking
Health and Nutrition
Sleep
Healthy Eating and Eating Disorders
Anorexia Nervosa
Bulimia Nervosa
Causes and Treatment of Eating Disorders
Obesity
Substance Use
Alcohol
Nicotine
Illicit Drugs
Risks of Injury and Accidental Death
Sports Injuries
Concussion
Check Your Understanding. Knowledge Questions
Critical Thinking
Stress and Coping
Types of Stress
Coping
Check Your Understanding. Knowledge Questions
Critical Thinking
Conclusion
14.1 How does the brain develop during adolescence?
14.2 How do children’s bodies change through adolescence?
14.3 How does sexual maturation affect adolescent development?
14.4 How are adolescents’ health and well-being affected by their health practices?
14.5 How do adolescents deal with stress in their lives?
Key Terms
Descriptions of Images and Figures
15 Cognitive Development in Adolescence
Test Your Knowledge
Learning Questions
Piaget’s Stage of Formal Operations (12 Years and Older)
Adolescent Egocentrism
Is Formal Operations the Final Stage?
Check Your Understanding. Knowledge Questions
Critical Thinking
Cognitive Processes
Attention
Memory
Metacognition
Executive Function
Creativity
Social Cognition
Check Your Understanding. Knowledge Questions
Critical Thinking
Moral Judgment
Kohlberg’s Cognitive Developmental Theory
Gender and Moral Thought
Cultural Differences in Moral Thought
Moral Thought and Moral Action
Check Your Understanding. Knowledge Questions
Critical Thinking
The Language of Teenagers
Check Your Understanding. Knowledge Questions
Critical Thinking
Adolescent Cognitive Development in Context
The Role of Schools
The Role of Family
The Role of Peers
The Role of the Community: Positive Youth Development
Check Your Understanding. Knowledge Questions
Critical Thinking
Risk and Success in Secondary Education
Adolescents With a Specific Learning Disorder
Minority Students and Stereotype Threat
Girls and the STEM Disciplines
School Dropouts
Non-College Bound Adolescents
College Bound Students
Check Your Understanding. Knowledge Questions
Critical Thinking
Conclusion
15.1 What cognitive changes occur during Piaget’s stage of formal operations?
15.2 How do basic cognitive processes change during adolescence?
15.3 How does moral reasoning develop during adolescence?
15.4 How is teen language different from the language of children and adults?
15.5 How do schools, family, peers, and community influence teens’ academic achievement?
15.6 What threats to academic achievement do high school students face and what factors support their success?
Key Terms
Descriptions of Images and Figures
16 Social and Emotional Development in Adolescence
Test Your Knowledge
Learning Questions
The Self in Adolescence
Marcia’s Identity Statuses
Gender Identity
Ethnic and Racial Identity
Online Identity
Self-Esteem During Adolescence
The Impact of Media on Self-Concept and Self-Esteem
Check Your Understanding. Knowledge Questions
Critical Thinking
Emotions
Empathy and Prosocial and Antisocial Behavior
Depression and Suicide
Check Your Understanding. Knowledge Questions
Critical Thinking
Family Relationships
Changes in the Parent-Adolescent Relationship
Attachment
Autonomy
Parent-Adolescent Conflict
Family Time
Relationships With Divorced Parents
Adoptive Families
Adolescents in Foster Care
Check Your Understanding. Knowledge Questions
Critical Thinking
Peer Relationships
Friendships
Cliques and Crowds
Peer Influence
Bullies and School Violence
Romantic Relationships
Check Your Understanding. Knowledge Questions
Critical Thinking
Beyond Parents and Peers: Important Nonparental Adults
Check Your Understanding. Knowledge Questions
Critical Thinking
The Daily Lives of Adolescents
Check Your Understanding. Knowledge Questions
Critical Thinking
Emerging Adulthood
Check Your Understanding. Knowledge Questions
Critical Thinking
Conclusion
16.1 How does identity develop in adolescence?
16.2 How do emotions develop in adolescence?
16.3 How do adolescents’ relationships with their parents change?
16.4 What types of peer relationships do adolescents have?
16.5 What role do nonparental adults play in adolescents’ lives?
16.6 What do adolescents do when they are not in school?
16.7 What is emerging adulthood and how does it differ from adolescence?
Key Terms
Descriptions of Images and Figures
Glossary
References
Name Index
Subject Index
