Оглавление
Laura Pountney. Introducing Anthropology
CONTENTS
List of Illustrations
Guide
Pages
Dedication
INTRODUCING ANTHROPOLOGY. WHAT MAKES US HUMAN?
Preface
Who is This Book For?
What Makes Us Human?
Culture: Universality and Diversity
Ethnographic Research
How to Use This Book
Acknowledgements
CHAPTER 1 What Makes Us Human? Contents
Key issues and debates
How Did Humans Evolve?
Explanations of human evolution
Creationism and evolution
Scientific explanations of human origins
After Darwin
Early humans
Australopithecus afarensis: Lucy
Homo neanderthalensis
Homo floresiensis
Homo denisova
ACTIVITY
Climate change, human evolution and the Anthropocene
ACTIVITY
Where did modern humans originate from?
Similarities and differences between humans and nonhuman primates
ACTIVITY
All hominins and African apes lack external tails
All humans and African apes have opposable thumbs
ACTIVITY
Sexual dimorphism
Diet and internal organs
Competitiveness, hierarchy and aggression
Social relations
ACTIVITY
Tool-use
Bipedalism
Human pelvis shape and size are different from those of other primates
ACTIVITY
Hairless bodies and sweating
The brain
Females live beyond the menopause
Cultural Evolution
Cooking
ACTIVITY
Language
Symbols
Recording information: The origins of written language
Social life
Sharing resources, exchange
Rituals
Expressing identity
ACTIVITY
ACTIVITY
How Do Humans Vary? The Concept of Race and a Critique of the Concept. Biological differences between humans
ACTIVITY
Culturally constructed concepts of race
American Association of Physical Anthropologists’ (AAPA) Statement on Race and Racism (2019)
Conclusion
End-of-chapter questions
Key terms
PERSONAL INVESTIGATION
Suggested further sources. Books
Ethnographic films
Websites
CHAPTER 2 Research Methods. Contents
Key issues and debates
Ethnography
ACTIVITY
The history of anthropological research methods
A founder of ethnographic fieldwork
Factors influencing choice of research method
Practical issues
Ethical issues
Theoretical issues
ACTIVITY
Gangsters without Borders: An Ethnography of a Salvadoran Street Gang (Ward 2012)
ACTIVITY
Participant observation
Getting in
Staying in
Getting out
An evaluation of participant observation (PO)
ACTIVITY
Interviews
Unstructured interviews
Life histories
ACTIVITY
Reflexivity in anthropology
An African ethnography of American anthropology (Mwenda Ntarangwi)
Interview with Brian Morris (2015)
Garry Marvin’s testimony (2015)
ACTIVITY
Digital Anthropology
Interview with Sarah Pink (2020)
Interview with Crystal Abidin (2020)
Conclusion
End-of-chapter questions
Key terms
PERSONAL INVESTIGATION
Guidelines for observation
Suggested further sources. Books and articles
Ethnographic film
Websites
CHAPTER 3 The Body. Contents
Key issues and debates
STOP & THINK
Body Modifications and Decorations
Body modifications
Foot-binding
Lip plates
Scarification
Body modification in Western societies
Difference between plastic and cosmetic surgeries
Cosmetic surgery in Brazil (Alexander Edmonds)
ACTIVITY
ACTIVITY
Tattooing
Globalization: Tattoos and tattooing
Skin colour bias
Keeping up with the times (Gideon Lasco)
ACTIVITY
Body Types. Body image in Fiji
Training the body in sport
Ideal male body type, size: Symbolic power
Sexy bodies
Body Games: Capoeira and Ancestry (dir. Richard Pakleppa, Matthias Röhrig Assunção, Christine Dettmann, 2013)
Anthropological Theories of the Body
Biological model – naturalistic approach
Symbolic Classification and the Body: The Body and Society
Handedness
ACTIVITY
Body techniques
Habitus
The ‘social skin’
Cleanliness
Hair
Body-painting as ‘social skin’
Pierced ears, ear plugs, lip plates
The Guest (dir. Kira de Hemmer Jeppesen, 2012)
This Is My Face (dir. Angélica Cabezas Pino, 2018)
Globalization: The body
Female genital cutting in Ghana (Saida Hodžić)
Conclusion
End-of-chapter questions
Key terms
PERSONAL INVESTIGATION
Suggested further sources. Books and articles
Ethnographic films
Websites
CHAPTER 4 Ways of Thinking and Communicating. Contents
Key issues and debates
Classification
ACTIVITY
How do we learn our classification systems?
Anthropological research and classification
Mental categories originate in society
Changes in classification systems: Gender
Colour classification
Explaining Events. Systems of thought
The rationality debate
Spiritual powers
Magic and sorcery
Witchcraft
Witchcraft, Oracles and Magic among the Azande (Evans-Pritchard 1937)
ACTIVITY
Understanding witchcraft today
ACTIVITY
Language
Shallow and deep symbolism
Why do humans need language?
How did human language evolve?
The Singing Neanderthals: The Origins of Music, Language, Mind and Body (Mithen 2005)
Grooming, Gossip and the Evolution of Language (Dunbar 2004)
Ritual and Religion in the Making of Humanity (Rappaport 1999)
ACTIVITY
Languages today
The relationship between language and culture
Nonverbal Communication. ACTIVITY
Singing Pictures, Women Painters of Naya (dir. Lina Fruzzetti and Ákos Östör, 2005)
‘Not talking about sex in India’ (Lambert 2001)
‘Eating your words: Communicating with food in the Ecuadorian Andes’ (Bourque 2001)
ACTIVITY
Human Communication before Writing: Oral Traditions
Up, Down and Sideways (dir. Anushka Meenakshilswar and Iswar Srikumar, 2017)
How Are Modern Technologies Affecting Communication?
Massively multiplayer online gamers
Mobail Goroka (dir. Jackie Kauli, 2018)
‘The impact of mobile phones on Indonesian men’s sexual communication’ (Oetomo et al. 2018)
Coming of Age in Second Life: An Anthropologist Explores the Virtually Human (Boellstorff 2015)
How the World Changed Social Media (Miller et al. 2016)
‘Can this indigenous language thrive in a digital age?’ (Jenner 2019)
Digital money and migration in China (Tom McDonald)
ACTIVITY
Globalization: The use of ‘voice’ and the internet
Conclusion
End-of-chapter questions
Key terms
PERSONAL INVESTIGATION
Suggested further sources. Books and articles
Ethnographic films
Websites
CHAPTER 5 Social Relations. Contents
Key issues and debates
Social Class, Caste, Gender, Age
Marx and social class
Caste
Marriage in the caste system
ACTIVITY
Pink Saris (dir. Kim Longinotto, 2010)
Gender
The !Kung: A society with no hierarchy?
Siva and her Sisters: Gender, Caste, and Class in Rural South India (Kapadia 1995)
Age sets and age grades
Kinship
ACTIVITY
Kinship in anthropology
Structural functionalism
New kinship studies
Kinship within the Anthropocene
ACTIVITY
The role of biology and culture in kinship
Kinship patterns
ACTIVITY
Patrilineal families
Matrilineal families
Marriage Patterns
Monogamy
Breaking the Yard (dir. Richard Werbner, 2018)
Dowry and bridewealth
Residential arrangements
Matrilocal/patrilocal residence
Kinship rules
Politics
Kinship Relationships with Nonhuman Species and Objects. Intimate Indigeneities: Race, Sex, and History in the Small Spaces of Andean Life (Canessa 2012)
Plant Kin: A Multispecies Ethnography in Indigenous Brazil (Miller 2019)
The Effect of Technological Advances on Definitions of Kinship
Case Study 1
Case Study 2
ACTIVITY
Extended Family (dir. Ramona Sonderegger, 2016)
Donor conceptions, siblings and kinship
Milk kinship
Traditional kinship practices in the Middle East
Globalization: Transnational adoption and kinning
New patterns of technology-based social relations
Globalization: The internet and relationships
ACTIVITY
Using Objects to Express Social Relations
ACTIVITY
ACTIVITY
Potlatch, reciprocity and power
ACTIVITY
The Kula Ring
ACTIVITY
Day of the Dead
Three types of reciprocity
ACTIVITY
The Spread of Capitalism
Tiv Economy (Bohannan and Bohannan 1968)
ACTIVITY
Conclusion
End-of-chapter questions
Key terms
PERSONAL INVESTIGATION
Suggested further sources. Books and articles
Ethnographic films
CHAPTER 6 Engaging with Nature. Contents
Key issues and debates
Cultural Practices in Relation to the Environment
Foraging (hunters and gatherers)
Pastoralism
Horticulture
Intensive agriculture
ACTIVITY
ACTIVITY
The Nature versus Culture Debate
Concepts of nature
Human nature
The Kayapo (dir. Michael Beckham and Terence Turner, 1987)
Since the Company Came (dir. Russell Hawkins, 2001)
The Land on Which We Stand (dir. Rebecca Payne, 2007)
ACTIVITY
Anthropological environmental theories. Cultural ecology
The Relationship between Humans and Animals
ACTIVITY
The anthropocentric view of animals
The biocentric view of animals
ACTIVITY
Animal–human relations in the global North
Megazoos
The provision of food and aggression
Provisioning and sedentarization
Other pressures
ACTIVITY
Globalization: The culture of the guinea pig as a resistance to development
Animal rights and ethics
Alternative views of animals
ACTIVITY
Anthropology and Climate Crisis
Understanding orangutan conservation in the Anthropocene and the Anthropocene in orangutan conservation (Liana Chua)
ACTIVITY
Indigenous perspectives on palm oil expansion in West Papua (Sophie Chao)
ACTIVITY
Climate change consequences in Highland Bolivia (Andrew Canessa)
Images, money and conserving capitalism (Jim Igoe)
Climate Change and Tradition in a Small Island State: The Rising Tide (Rudiak-Gould 2013)
Ethnographic films on the climate crisis and its effects on local populations. Thank You for the Rain (dir. Julia Dahr, 2017)
Gringo Trails (dir. Pegi Vail, 2013)
The Way We Live Now (dir. Sophia Hersi Smith, 2016)
The Absence of Apricots (dir. Daniel Asadi Faezi, 2018)
Awake, A Dream from Standing Rock (dir. Myron Dewey, Josh Fox, James Spione, 2017)
How should anthropologists get involved in dealing with the climate crisis?
Why we need anthropological research to forge environmental futures (Tim Ingold)
Overheating: An Anthropology of Accelerated Change (Eriksen 2016)
Indigenous science and climate change (Joy Hendry)
The AAA’s position in relation to the climate crisis
AAA Statement on Humanity and Climate Change (2015)
ACTIVITY
Anthropological thinking helps us with climate change messaging (Katherine Carter)
Conscious practices informed by applied anthropology results (Laura Korc˘ulanin)
Conclusion
End-of-chapter questions
Key terms
PERSONAL INVESTIGATION
Suggested further sources. Books and articles
Ethnographic films
Websites
CHAPTER 7 Personhood. Contents
Key issues and debates
ACTIVITY
Development of the Western Philosophical Concept of Personhood
When and how did the Western philosophical concept of personhood begin?
The Enlightenment
Anthropological explanations of concepts of personhood
Geertz: An interpretive approach
ACTIVITY
Contested boundaries of personhood
The role of the state
Breeding Cells (dir. Anna Straube, Gregor Gaida, Miren Artola and Saskia Warzecha, 2009)
Death, illness and the person
Globalization: The spread of Western philosophical concepts of personhood
ACTIVITY
Examples of Concepts of Personhood. Ojibwa Indians
Hindu sociocentric personhood
ACTIVITY
Traditional African concepts of personhood
Melanesian relational concepts of personhood
Buddhism
An Andean concept of personhood
Are there distinct concepts of personhood?
Personhood in the US and among Wari Indians: Similarities and differences
How is Personhood Expressed and Understood by Anthropologists?
‘Buddhism and coffee: The transformation of locality and non-human personhood in southern Laos’ (Sprenger 2018)
‘Why are Mongolian infants treated like “Kings?”’ (Michelet 2015)
‘Fetal personhood in the Christian Philippines’ (Bulloch 2016)
Personhood and Boundaries. Animals, material objects, machines and concepts of personhood
Are animals persons?
Case 1
Case 2
Being Human Does Not Make You a Person: Animals, Humans and Personhood in Malawi (Morris 1999)
ACTIVITY
Material objects as persons
‘Technological animism: The uncanny personhood of humanoid machines’ (Richardson 2016)
How is modernization affecting traditional concepts of personhood?
Conclusion
End-of-chapter questions
Key terms
PERSONAL INVESTIGATION
Suggested further sources. Books
Ethnographic film
CHAPTER 8 Identity. Contents
Key issues and debates
How Do Anthropologists Understand Identification?
ACTIVITY
ACTIVITY
ACTIVITY
Symbols and totems
Symbolic anthropology
Upright poles
Functionalist perspective
ACTIVITY
Food and the creation of identity
Place and space
‘Rohingyas in Bangladesh’ (Sultana 2019)
History
Diaspora
Social Memory: ‘Folk’ Memory-Making
ACTIVITY
Myth and folk memory
ACTIVITY
Language
Music
Globalization: Hip-hop Japan
ACTIVITY
Shaping Group Identities ‘The ethnic identity of Turkmenistan’s Baloch’ (Kokaisl and Kokaislova 2019)
‘Multiple belongings in refugee resettlement’ (Hoellerer 2017)
‘The breath of devils: Memories and places of an experience of terror’ (Gordillo 2002)
Journey into Europe: Islam, Immigration and Identity (dir. Akbar Ahmed, 2015)
Virtual Me: Gender and Identity in World of Warcraft (dir. Trent Monahan, Sarah Prothero, Jennifer Torson, 2015)
Ghetto PSA (dir. Rossella Schillaci, 2015)
‘You’re not left thinking that you’re the only gay in the village’ (Pitkänen 2017)
ACTIVITY
Summary of anthropological theories of identity
Conclusion
End-of-chapter questions
Key terms
PERSONAL INVESTIGATION
Suggested further sources. Books and articles
Ethnographic film
CHAPTER 9 Ritual. Contents
Key Issues and Debates
Types of Ritual
Religious rituals
Spirit possession in an Ethiopian Orthodox ritual (Diego Malara)
Nonreligious rituals
Ritual or routine?
ACTIVITY
Common features of rituals
Functions of Rituals
ACTIVITY
Anthropological Approaches to Ritual. Rituals as means of social integration
Extreme rituals (Dimitris Xygalatas)
Anxiety: Ritual theory
Five functions of ritual
Ritual as symbolic action
Performances as rituals (Yu-Chun Chen)
Ritual as social control
Rituals of rebellion
ACTIVITY
Political Rituals
‘Deep play: Notes on the Balinese cockfight’ (Geertz 1973)
What can explain the rise in the number of atheists? (Jonathan Lanman)
Ritual, cooperation and signalling: interview with Richard Sosis, 2003
Rituals for Redistributive Exchanges: Ongka’s Big Moka (dir. Charlie Nairn and Andrew Strathern, 1974)
ACTIVITY
Pentecostalism and social life (Naomi Haynes)
Rites of Passage
ACTIVITY
ACTIVITY
Masai Women (dir. Chris Curling and Melissa Llewelyn-Davies, 1974)
Masai Manhood (dir. Chris Curling and Melissa Llewelyn-Davies, 1975)
Tiempo de Vals (dir. Rebecca Savage, 2006)
‘Rituals of first menstruation in Sri Lanka’ (Winslow 1980)
Emerging from the Chrysalis: Rituals of Women’s Initiation (Lincoln 1991)
Lincoln’s characteristics of initiation rituals for men and women
ACTIVITY
Rituals of Manhood: Male Initiation in Papua New Guinea (Herdt 1982)
ACTIVITY
Globalization: Football and rituals of modernity
Conclusion
End-of-chapter questions
Key terms
PERSONAL INVESTIGATION
Suggested further sources. Books and articles
Ethnographic films
Websites
CHAPTER 10 Gender. Contents
Key issues and debates
Gender and Biology
Sexual dimorphism
Reproductive organs
Biology and life chances
ACTIVITY
Feminism
Gender, sex and culture
Critical feminist anthropology
Criticisms of feminist anthropology
ACTIVITY
Queer Theory
Gender, Relationships and Power
Gendering the body in Western Europe
Gender roles and relationships. The Chewong of Malaysia
Patriarchal myths
The San: Hunting, men and power
The Hopi: female power linked to childbearing
Birth and death in the Sudan
Paani: Of Women and Water (dir. Costanza Burstin, 2018)
Vanatinai: Near gender equality in New Guinea
Domestic labour and interethnic peace
Exploitation and creative claims for power
The Bolivian Aymara: complementary gender roles
Conclusions
Alternative Gender Identities
Multiple genders among North American Indians
ACTIVITY
A male gender-variant role among the Mohave
Hindu ascetism: hijras and sadhin
Mema’s House, Mexico City: On Transvestites, Queens, and Machos (Prieur 1998)
Secular performance in contemporary Thailand and the Philippines
Intersexuality
Transgenderism
How is transgenderism different from intersexuality?
Creating collective Queer identity through festivals
‘Soccer, sex and scandal in Brazil’ (Kulick 2009)
Conclusion
End-of-chapter questions
Key terms
PERSONAL INVESTIGATION
Suggested further sources. Books and articles
Ethnographic films
Websites
CHAPTER 11 Boundaries. Contents
Key issues and debates
Boundaries and Bodies. Small-scale boundaries: personal space
ACTIVITY
Boundaries of the body
ACTIVITY
The caste system
COVID-19
Ebola in Sierra Leone (Jonah Lipton)
Two women’s accounts of the Gibraltar/Spanish border (Andrew Canessa)
Boundaries between Ethnic Groups
ACTIVITY
Fredrik Barth: Ethnicity as both imposed and negotiated
Ethnicity as situational and relational
ACTIVITY
Ethnic identities
ACTIVITY
Ethnic boundaries
The meanings of walls: The case of ‘peace walls’ in Northern Ireland (Laura McAtackney)
ACTIVITY
Boundaries, borders and walls (Margaret Dorsey and Miguel Diaz-Barriga)
Rwanda, 1994
The causes of ethnic revitalization and conflict in Rwanda
ACTIVITY
Former Yugoslavia, 1992–5
The causes of ethnic revitalization and conflict in the former Yugoslavia
ACTIVITY
Reasons for ethnic conflict: summary
ACTIVITY
Globalization: Location and technology
Boundaries between Humans and Cyborgs
What is a cyborg?
Cyborg theory
Transhumanism
ACTIVITY
Cyborg anthropology
ACTIVITY
‘We are all cyborgs now’ (Case 2010)
‘Living in virtual communities: An ethnography of human relationships in cyberspace’ (Carter 2005)
Coming of Age in Second Life: An Anthropologist Explores the Virtually Human (Boellstorff 2015)
Conclusion
End-of-chapter questions
Key terms
PERSONAL INVESTIGATION
Suggested further sources. Books and articles
Ethnographic films
Websites
CHAPTER 12 Globalization. Contents
Key issues and debates
ACTIVITY
ACTIVITY
Globalization: Three dimensions
ACTIVITY
The History of Globalization
Origins of the current global system: colonialism and capitalism
ACTIVITY
How Do Anthropologists Study Globalization?
Multi-sited ethnography
Anthropology of Tourism
The history of tourism
Anthropological perspectives on tourism
Transnational flows
ACTIVITY
The Impact of Globalization
New forms of cultural diversity
Creolization
Creoles as a national symbol
Examples of creolization
ACTIVITY
ACTIVITY
A critique of creolization
ACTIVITY
Does Globalization Lead to Homogeneity?
Globalization and Migration
Deported but not defeated in Mexico City (Gomberg-Muñoz 2019)
ACTIVITY
A globalized marriage? (Nora Haenn)
Domestic and sex workers in London (Ana Gutiérrez Garza)
Even When I Fall (dir. Kate McLarnon and Sky Neal, 2017)
Kalès (dir. Laurent Van Lancker 2017)
Consequences of the Global Economy
Markets of the future: The cultural appropriation of ‘death benefits’ in Namibia (Sabine Klocke-Daffa)
ACTIVITY
Heartbound (dir. Janus Metz and Sine Plambech, 2018)
Bolivian Aymara traders in the global economy (Nico Tassi)
We Must Be Dreaming (dir. David Bert Joris Dhert, 2016)
Service workers in global India (Kiran Mirchandani, Sanjukta Mukherjee and Shruti Tambe)
Chain of Love (dir. Marije Meerman, 2001)
Calcutta Calling (dir. André Hörmann, 2006)
Local and Global Impacts of Globalization
ACTIVITY
Schooling the World: The White Man’s Last Burden (dir. Carol Black, 2010)
Word of Life, Sweden (Simon Coleman)
ACTIVITY
ACTIVITY
Conclusion
End-of-chapter questions
Key terms
PERSONAL INVESTIGATION
Suggested further sources. Books and articles
Ethnographic films
Websites
CHAPTER 13 The Role of Material Culture. Contents
Key issues and debates
What Is Material Culture?
Archaeology, Anthropology and the Role of Material Culture
Archaeological views on objects
Are Digital Objects Material?
When did humans develop a relationship with material culture?
Tool-making
Material culture and the senses
The process of making material objects
The house and the home
Aesthetics: The Culturally Constructed Nature of Beauty
ACTIVITY
Waste and dirt. Waste
Dirt
ACTIVITY
Immateriality
Soil as a material object
How Do Material Objects Symbolize Relationships?
Symbols in rituals
Religious objects and symbols
Theories of Material Culture
ACTIVITY
Material Objects Used to Communicate and Negotiate Identity
Unity: Dress Scapes of Accra (dir. Mara Lin Visser, 2017)
The Log Rafters of Lake Aegeri (dir. Thomas Horat, 2017)
In and Out of Africa (dir. Ilisa Barbash and Lucien Taylor, 1993)
The Representation of Material Culture
ACTIVITY
Museum anthropology
Perceptions of representation through objects
ACTIVITY
Ownership of material culture
Globalization: Ethnomusicology, the movement of people and material culture
ACTIVITY
The role of digital technology in museums
Conclusion
End-of-chapter questions
Key terms
PERSONAL INVESTIGATION
Suggested further sources. Books and articles
Ethnographic films
Websites
CHAPTER 14 Applied Anthropology. Contents
Key issues and debates
What is Applied Anthropology?
What do anthropologists study?
ACTIVITY
Advocacy in Anthropology
The object of advocacy
Applied Anthropology and Public Health
ACTIVITY
Applying anthropology in health-related programmes
Ebola outbreak
Zika epidemic
HIV prevention
Ethics and Applied Anthropology
The American Anthropological Association (AAA)
Interview with Edward Liebow, 2020
ACTIVITY
Examples of Applied Anthropology
Why does the world need anthropologists?
Anthropologists’ Testimonies and Case Studies
The forensic anthropologist
Interview with forensic anthropologist Heather Bonney, Natural History Museum, London
The applied anthropologist
Interview with Desirée Pangerc
Applying anthropology to space missions (Jack Stuster 2020)
Anthropological research
Interview with anthropologist Sarah Pink, applied visual anthropologist, Australia
Conclusion
End-of-chapter questions
Key terms
Suggested further sources. Books and articles
Websites
Key Terms. A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
K
L
M
N
O
P
R
S
T
W
References
Ethnographic Films
Websites
Index. A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
POLITY END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT
