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Laura Smith L.. Counseling the Culturally Diverse
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Illustrations
Guide
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Counseling the Culturally Diverse. Theory and Practice
Preface
CHANGES TO CCD
EFFICIENT UP‐TO‐DATE COVERAGE
PEDAGOGICAL STRENGTHS
APPRECIATION
SECTION 1 The Multiple Dimensions of Multicultural Counseling and Therapy
PART 1 The Affective, Conceptual and Practice Dimensions of Multicultural Counseling and Therapy
CHAPTER 1 Understanding Resistance to Multicultural Training: Obstacles to Developing Cultural Competence. CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
EXPECTATIONS FOR THE COURSE
REFLECTION AND DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
REACTIONS TO THE COURSE
BY THE NUMBERS
EMOTIONAL SELF‐REVELATIONS AND FEARS: MAJORITY GROUP MEMBERS
EMOTIONAL INVALIDATION VERSUS AFFIRMATION: MARGINALIZED GROUP MEMBERS
A WORD OF CAUTION
REFLECTION AND DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
RECOGNIZING AND UNDERSTANDING RESISTANCE TO MULTICULTURAL TRAINING
COGNITIVE RESISTANCE—DENIAL
EMOTIONAL RESISTANCE
The Meaning of Anxiety and Fear
DID YOU KNOW?
The Meaning of Defensiveness and Anger
The Meaning of Guilt, Regret, and Remorse
BEHAVIORAL RESISTANCE
CULTURAL COMPETENCE AND EMOTIONS
IMPLICATIONS FOR CLINICAL PRACTICE
SUMMARY
GLOSSARY TERMS
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 2 Multicultural Counseling and Therapy (MCT) CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
RACE AND CULTURE MATTER
REFLECTION AND DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
CULTURE‐UNIVERSAL (ETIC) VERSUS CULTURE‐SPECIFIC (EMIC) FORMULATIONS
CULTURAL CONCEPTS OF DISTRESS
ACKNOWLEDGING GROUP DIFFERENCES
BEING AWARE OF COLLECTIVISTIC CULTURES
ATTUNING TO CULTURAL AND CLINICAL CLUES
BALANCING THE CULTURE‐SPECIFIC AND CULTURE‐UNIVERSAL ORIENTATIONS
THE NATURE OF MULTICULTURAL COUNSELING COMPETENCE
THE HARM OF CULTURAL INSENSITIVITY
GOOD COUNSELING IS CULTURALLY RESPONSIVE COUNSELING
BY THE NUMBERS
UNDERSTANDING THE THREE DIMENSIONS OF IDENTITY
INDIVIDUAL LEVEL: “ALL INDIVIDUALS ARE, IN SOME RESPECTS, LIKE NO OTHER INDIVIDUALS”
GROUP LEVEL: “ALL INDIVIDUALS ARE, IN SOME RESPECTS, LIKE SOME OTHER INDIVIDUALS”
UNIVERSAL LEVEL: “ALL INDIVIDUALS ARE, IN SOME RESPECTS, LIKE ALL OTHER INDIVIDUALS”
REFLECTION AND DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
INDIVIDUAL AND UNIVERSAL BIASES IN PSYCHOLOGY AND MENTAL HEALTH
THE IMPACT OF GROUP IDENTITIES ON COUNSELING AND PSYCHOTHERAPY
WHAT IS MULTICULTURAL COUNSELING AND THERAPY?
WHAT IS CULTURAL COMPETENCE?
BOX 2.1 MULTICULTURAL COUNSELING COMPETENCIES
DID YOU KNOW?
SOCIAL JUSTICE AND CULTURAL COMPETENCE
REFLECTION AND DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
IMPLICATIONS FOR CLINICAL PRACTICE
SUMMARY
GLOSSARY TERMS
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 3 Cultural Perspectives and Barriers: The Individual Interplay of Cultural Experiences
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
REFLECTION AND DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
CHARACTERISTICS OF CONVENTIONAL COUNSELING
CULTURE‐BOUND VALUES
FOCUS ON THE INDIVIDUAL
VERBAL/EMOTIONAL/BEHAVIORAL EXPRESSIVENESS
INSIGHT
SELF‐DISCLOSURE, OPENNESS, AND INTIMACY
STYLES OF COMMUNICATION
Paralanguage
DID YOU KNOW?
Proxemics and Kinesics
The Importance of Nonverbals
SCIENTIFIC EMPIRICISM
DISTINCTIONS BETWEEN MENTAL AND PHYSICAL FUNCTIONING
PATTERNS OF CULTURAL ASSUMPTIONS AND MULTICULTURAL FAMILY COUNSELING/THERAPY
PEOPLE–NATURE DIMENSION
TIME DIMENSION
RELATIONAL DIMENSION
ACTIVITY DIMENSION
NATURE OF PEOPLE DIMENSION
LANGUAGE BARRIERS
CLASS‐BOUND VALUES AND PERSPECTIVES
BY THE NUMBERS
THE DAMAGING IMPACT OF POVERTY
THERAPEUTIC CLASS BIAS
OVERGENERALIZING AND STEREOTYPING
IMPLICATIONS FOR CLINICAL PRACTICE
SUMMARY
GLOSSARY TERMS
REFERENCES
PART 2 Sociopolitical and Social Justice Dimensions of Multicultural Counseling and Therapy
CHAPTER 4 Microaggressions: Implications for Counseling and Psychotherapy. CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
REFLECTION AND DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
REFLECTION AND DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
CONTEMPORARY FORMS OF OPPRESSION: RACISM, SEXISM & HETEROSEXISM
THE EVOLUTION OF THE “ISMS”: MICROAGGRESSIONS
MICROASSAULT
MICROINSULT
MICROINVALIDATION
BY THE NUMBERS
REFLECTION AND DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
THE DYNAMICS AND DILEMMAS OF MICROAGGRESSIONS
DILEMMA 1: THE CLASH OF SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC REALITIES
DILEMMA 2: THE INVISIBILITY OF UNINTENTIONAL EXPRESSIONS OF BIAS
DILEMMA 3: THE PERCEIVED MINIMAL HARM OF MICROAGGRESSIONS
DILEMMA 4: THE CATCH‐22 OF RESPONDING TO MICROAGGRESSIONS
DID YOU KNOW?
THERAPEUTIC IMPLICATIONS
MICROINTERVENTIONS: THE NEW THERAPEUTIC FRONTIER
IMPLICATIONS FOR CLINICAL PRACTICE
SUMMARY
GLOSSARY TERMS
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 5 Sociohistorical Privilege and Oppression: Implications for Counseling and Psychotherapy. CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
AN OPEN LETTER TO BROTHERS AND SISTERS OF COLOR
REFLECTION AND DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
MENTAL HEALTH PRACTICE AND THE REPRODUCTION OF OPPRESSION
CONNECTING THE DOTS BETWEEN MENTAL HEALTH PRACTICE AND SOCIAL JUSTICE: AN OVERVIEW
THE DANGER OF A SINGLE STORY: ETHNOCENTRIC MONOCULTURALISM
DID YOU KNOW?
UNDERSTANDING ETHNOCENTRIC MONOCULTURALISM
Belief in the Superiority of the Dominant Group
Belief in the Inferiority of Others
Power to Impose Standards
Manifestation in Institutions
The Invisible Veil
HISTORICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF ETHNOCENTRIC MONOCULTURALISM
ETHNOCENTRIC MONOCULTURALISM, SOCIOHISTORICAL OPPRESSION, AND MENTAL HEALTH
ETHNOCENTRIC MONOCULTURALISM AND FOUNDATIONAL PSYCHOTHERAPEUTIC THEORY
DEFINITIONS OF MENTAL HEALTH
Normality as a Statistical Concept
Normality and Ideal Mental Health
Nonconformity and Abnormality
CONNECTIONS TO THE COUNSELING AND MENTAL HEALTH LITERATURE
PATHOLOGY AND PERSONS OF COLOR
The Genetically Deficient Model
The Culturally Deficient Model
BY THE NUMBERS
The Culturally Diverse Model
ETHNOCENTRIC MONOCULTURALISM AND MENTAL HEALTH PRACTICE: PSYCHOTHERAPY AS A RACIAL‐CULTURAL MICROCOSM
REFLECTION AND DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
Clients’ problems lie entirely inside clients
Responses that reproduce cultural stereotypes
MCT AS A SOCIAL JUSTICE APPROACH TO MENTAL HEALTH PRACTICE
Social justice counseling and its organizational interface
SOCIAL JUSTICE ADVOCACY AND CULTURAL HUMILITY
IMPLICATIONS FOR CLINICAL PRACTICE
SUMMARY
GLOSSARY TERMS
REFERENCES
PART 3 Racial, Ethnic, Cultural (REC) Attitudes in Multicultural Counseling and Therapy
CHAPTER 6 Racial, Ethnic, Cultural (REC) Identity Attitudes in People of Color: Counseling Implications. CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
CASE STUDY. Alejandro: Afro‐Puerto Rican College Student
RACIAL AWAKENING. JUST AMERICAN TO PUERTO RICAN/AFRO‐LATINO
DENIAL BREAKDOWN
THE INTERNAL STRUGGLE FOR IDENTITY
LOCUS OF THE PROBLEM
REC IDENTITY ATTITUDE MODELS
DID YOU KNOW?
WILLIAM E. CROSS’ NIGRESCENCE MODEL: FOUNDATIONAL THEORY
A GENERAL MODEL OF REC IDENTITY
CONFORMITY STATUS
DISSONANCE STATUS
RESISTANCE AND IMMERSION STATUS
INTROSPECTION STATUS
INTEGRATIVE AWARENESS STATUS
COUNSELING IMPLICATIONS OF THE R/CID MODEL
CONFORMITY STATUS
DISSONANCE STATUS
BY THE NUMBERS
RESISTANCE AND IMMERSION STATUS
INTROSPECTION STATUS
INTEGRATIVE AWARENESS STATUS
VALUE OF A GENERAL REC IDENTITY FRAMEWORK
REFLECTION AND DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
IMPLICATIONS FOR CLINICAL PRACTICE
SUMMARY
GLOSSARY TERMS
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 7 White Racial Consciousness: Implications for Counseling and Psychotherapy. CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
WHITENESS AND MULTICULTURAL COUNSELING
REFLECTION AND DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
STEPS TOWARD AN UNDERSTANDING OF WHITENESS AND WHITE IDENTITY
DID YOU KNOW?
Whiteness and MCT
MODELS OF WHITE RACIAL IDENTITY DEVELOPMENT
THE HARDIMAN WHITE RACIAL IDENTITY DEVELOPMENT MODEL
THE HELMS WHITE RACIAL IDENTITY DEVELOPMENT MODEL
A DESCRIPTIVE MODEL OF WHITE IDENTITY: SEVEN POSITIONS
Naiveté
Conformity
BY THE NUMBERS
Dissonance
Resistance and immersion
Introspectiveness
Integrative awareness
Antiracist action
AN ANTIRACIST WHITE IDENTITY
WHITE ANTIRACIST IDENTIFICATIONS
PRINCIPLES OF PREJUDICE REDUCTION
PRINCIPLE 1: LEARN ABOUT PEOPLE OF COLOR FROM SOURCES WITHIN THE GROUP
PRINCIPLE 2: LEARN FROM THE EXAMPLES OF HEALTHY AND STRONG PEOPLE OF THE CULTURE
PRINCIPLE 3: LEARN FROM EXPERIENTIAL REALITY
PRINCIPLE 4: LEARN FROM CONSTANT VIGILANCE OF YOUR BIASES AND FEARS
PRINCIPLE 5: LEARN FROM BEING COMMITTED TO PERSONAL ACTION AGAINST RACISM
REFLECTION AND DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
IMPLICATIONS FOR CLINICAL PRACTICE
SUMMARY
GLOSSARY TERMS
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 8 Multicultural Counseling Competence and Cultural Humility for People of Color Counselors and Therapists. CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
INTERRACIAL AND INTERETHNIC BIASES
IMPACT ON INTERRACIAL COUNSELING RELATIONSHIPS
RACIAL STEREOTYPES HELD BY PEOPLE OF COLOR
THE WHO‐IS‐MORE‐OPPRESSED GAME
INTERRACIAL AND INTERETHNIC COUNSELING
BY THE NUMBERS
REFLECTION AND DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
THE POLITICS OF INTERRACIAL AND INTERETHNIC BIAS AND DISCRIMINATION
THE POLITICAL RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN GROUPS OF COLOR
AFRICAN AMERICANS AND ASIAN AMERICANS
ASIAN AMERICANS AND LATINX AMERICANS
LATINX AMERICANS AND AFRICAN AMERICANS
AMERICAN INDIANS AND BLACK, LATINX, AND ASIAN AMERICANS
REFLECTION AND DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
WITHIN GROUP DIFFERENCES AMONG RACIAL/ETHNIC GROUPS
CULTURAL VALUES
COMMUNICATION STYLES
ISSUES REGARDING STAGE OF ETHNIC IDENTITY
DID YOU KNOW?
COUNSELORS OF COLOR AND DYADIC COMBINATIONS
CHALLENGES ASSOCIATED WITH COUNSELOR OF COLOR AND WHITE CLIENT DYADS
SITUATION 1: CHALLENGING THE COMPETENCY OF COUNSELORS OF COLOR
SITUATION 2: NEEDING TO PROVE COMPETENCE
SITUATION 3: TRANSFERRING RACIAL ANIMOSITY TOWARD WHITE CLIENTS
SITUATION 4: VIEWING THE COUNSELOR OF COLOR AS A SUPER MINORITY COUNSELOR
SITUATION 5: DEALING WITH CLIENT EXPRESSIONS OF RACISM
CHALLENGES ASSOCIATED WITH COUNSELOR OF COLOR AND CLIENT OF COLOR DYADS
SITUATION 1: OVERIDENTIFYING WITH THE CLIENT
SITUATION 2: ENCOUNTERING CLASHES IN CULTURAL VALUES
SITUATION 3: EXPERIENCING CLASHES IN COMMUNICATION AND COUNSELING STYLES
SITUATION 4: RECEIVING AND EXPRESSING RACIAL ANIMOSITY
SITUATION 5: DEALING WITH THE RACIAL IDENTITY STATUS OF COUNSELORS AND CLIENTS
REFLECTION AND DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
IMPLICATIONS FOR CLINICAL PRACTICE
SUMMARY
GLOSSARY TERMS
REFERENCES
PART 4 Western and Non‐Western Perspectives in Counseling and Therapy
CHAPTER 9 Multicultural Evidence‐Based Practice. CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
REFLECTION AND DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
EMPIRICALLY‐SUPPORTED THERAPIES (ESTs)
REFLECTION AND DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
EMPIRICALLY SUPPORTED RELATIONSHIPS (ESRs)
DID YOU KNOW?
THE THERAPEUTIC ALLIANCE
EMOTIONAL OR INTERPERSONAL BOND
EMPATHY
POSITIVE REGARD, RESPECT, WARMTH, AND GENUINENESS
THERAPIST SELF‐DISCLOSURE
MANAGEMENT OF COUNTERTRANSFERENCE
GOAL CONSENSUS
REFLECTION AND DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
EVIDENCE‐BASED PRACTICE AND DIVERSITY ISSUES IN COUNSELING
BY THE NUMBERS
REFLECTION AND DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
IMPLICATIONS FOR CLINICAL PRACTICE
SUMMARY
GLOSSARY TERMS
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 10 Indigenous and Cultural Methods of Healing among People of Color: Implications for Multicultural Counseling and Therapy (MCT) CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
WORLDVIEWS AND CULTURAL CONCEPTS OF DISTRESS
THE SHAMAN AND TRADITIONAL HEALER AS THERAPIST: COMMONALITIES
CASE STUDY. The Nguyen Family
A CASE OF CHILD ABUSE?
DID YOU KNOW?
THE PRINCIPLES OF INDIGENOUS HEALING
HOLISTIC OUTLOOK, INTERCONNECTEDNESS, AND HARMONY
BELIEF IN METAPHYSICAL LEVELS OF EXISTENCE
ACCEPTANCE OF SPIRITUALITY IN LIFE AND THE COSMOS
BY THE NUMBERS
REFLECTION AND DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
RADICAL HEALING AMONG PEOPLE OF COLOR
EXAMPLES OF HEALING PRACTICES AMONG PEOPLE OF COLOR
IMPLICATIONS FOR CLINICAL PRACTICE
SUMMARY
GLOSSARY TERMS
REFERENCES
PART 5 Assessment, Diagnosis, and Treatment Issues in Multicultural Counseling and Therapy
CHAPTER 11 Culturally Competent Assessment. CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
THERAPIST VARIABLES AFFECTING DIAGNOSIS
CULTURAL COMPETENCE AND PREVENTING DIAGNOSTIC ERRORS
CULTURAL SELF‐AWARENESS
CULTURAL KNOWLEDGE
CULTURALLY RESPONSIVE OR MULTICULTURAL SKILLS
CONTEXTUAL AND COLLABORATIVE ASSESSMENT
CASE STUDY. ERICA
PRINCIPLES OF COLLABORATIVE CONCEPTUALIZATION
INFUSING CULTURAL RELEVANCE INTO STANDARD CLINICAL ASSESSMENTS
CULTURAL FORMULATION INTERVIEW
CULTURALLY SENSITIVE INTAKE INTERVIEW
IMPLICATIONS FOR CLINICAL PRACTICE
SUMMARY
GLOSSARY TERMS
REFERENCES
SECTION 2 Multicultural Counseling and Specific Populations
PART 6 Counseling and Therapy with Racial/Ethnic Group Populations
CHAPTER 12 Multicultural Counseling Contexts: African Americans. CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
SOCIOHISTORICAL CONTEXT
STRENGTHS AND RESILIENCES
FAMILY AND COMMUNITY
RELIGION AND SPIRITUALITY
RESOURCEFULNESS AND RESILIENCE
POSITIVE RACIAL‐ETHNIC IDENTITY OR RACIAL PRIDE
POTENTIAL CHALLENGES
RACISM AND DISCRIMINATION
RACIAL SOCIALIZATION: WHEN, WHAT, AND HOW TO DISCUSS RACISM
INTERNALIZED RACISM
CHALLENGES FOR BLACK WOMEN
Gendered Racial Microaggressions
Strong Black Woman Stereotype
COUNSELING AND APPLIED CONSIDERATIONS
CASE STUDIES. JOHNNY: WHEN EXTRA FAMILIAL HELP CAUSES DISRUPTION
Counseling Implications with Johnny and Family
DEE: TIRED AND EXHAUSTED MOTHER
Counseling Implications with Dee
JACKIE: FROM A's TO C's
Counseling and Related Implications with Jackie and Schools
MICHAEL: DEVELOPING A POSITIVE AFRICAN AMERICAN MALE IDENTITY
Counseling Implications with Michael
A CLINICAL CHECKLIST
SUMMARY
GLOSSARY TERMS
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 13 Multicultural Counseling Contexts: American Indians/Native Americans and Alaskan Natives. CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
SOCIOHISTORICAL CONTEXT
STRENGTHS AND RESILIENCIES
TRIBAL COMMUNITY STRUCTURE AND RELATIONSHIPS
Implications
FAMILY STRUCTURE AND RELATIONSHIPS
Implications
CULTURAL AND SPIRITUAL VALUES
SPECIFIC CHALLENGES
Implications
CASE STUDY. MARY
EDUCATIONAL CONCERNS
Implications
ACCULTURATION CONFLICTS
Implications
ALCOHOL AND SUBSTANCE ABUSE
Implications
DOMESTIC VIOLENCE
Implications
SUICIDE
Implications
IMPLICATIONS FOR CLINICAL PRACTICE
SUMMARY
GLOSSARY TERMS
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 14 Multicultural Counseling Contexts: Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders. CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
CHARACTERISTICS AND STRENGTHS
ASIAN AMERICANS: A SUCCESS STORY?
CASE STUDY. KATHERINE
COLLECTIVISTIC ORIENTATION
Implications
HIERARCHICAL RELATIONSHIPS
Implications
PARENTING STYLES
Implications
EMOTIONALITY
Implications
HOLISTIC VIEW ON MIND AND BODY
Implications
ACADEMIC AND OCCUPATIONAL GOAL ORIENTATION
Implications
CULTURAL STRENGTHS
SPECIFIC CHALLENGES
RACIAL‐ETHNIC‐CULTURAL IDENTITY AND CONFLICT
Implications
ACCULTURATION CONFLICTS
Implications
EXPECTATIONS REGARDING COUNSELING
Implications
RACISM AND DISCRIMINATION
Implications
IMPLICATIONS FOR CLINICAL PRACTICE
SUMMARY
GLOSSARY TERMS
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 15 Multicultural Counseling Contexts: Latinx Communities. CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
CULTURAL STRENGTHS
FAMILY AND INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS
Implications
RELIGION AND SPIRITUALITY
Implications
ADDITIONAL CULTURAL STRENGTHS
SPECIFIC CHALLENGES
XENOPHOBIA, DISCRIMINATION, AND ETHNO‐RACIAL TRAUMA
Implications
RACISM IN THE SCHOOLS
Implications
STIGMA ASSOCIATED WITH MENTAL ILLNESS
Implications
ACCULTURATION AND ACCULTURATIVE STRESS
Implications
GENDER ROLE CONFLICTS
Implications
IMPLICATIONS FOR CLINICAL PRACTICE
SUMMARY
GLOSSARY TERMS
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 16 Multicultural Counseling Contexts: Multiracial Americans. CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
CHARACTERISTICS AND STRENGTHS
MULTIRACIAL POPULATION IN THE UNITED STATES
Implications
THE “ONE DROP OF BLOOD” RULE
Implications
STRENGTHS
SPECIFIC CHALLENGES
RACIAL/ETHNIC AMBIGUITY AND MULTIRACIAL IDENTITY SOCIALIZATION: “WHAT ARE YOU?”
Implications
INTERMARRIAGE, STEREOTYPES, AND MYTHS
Implications
DISCRIMINATION, RACISM, AND MICROAGGRESSIONS
Implications
RACIAL IDENTITY INVALIDATION
Implications
A MULTIRACIAL BILL OF RIGHTS
Implications
IMPLICATIONS FOR CLINICAL PRACTICE
SUMMARY
GLOSSARY TERMS
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 17 Multicultural Counseling Contexts: Arab Americans. CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS
SOCIOHISTORICAL CONTEXT
POTENTIAL CHALLENGES
STRENGTHS AND RESILIENCIES
COUNSELING AND APPLIED CONSIDERATIONS
A CLINICAL CHECKLIST
SUMMARY
GLOSSARY TERMS
REFERENCES
PART 7 Counseling and Therapy with Other Multicultural Populations
CHAPTER 18 Multicultural Counseling Contexts: Marginalized Religious Communities. CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
COUNSELING CONTEXTS: JEWISH AMERICANS
CHARACTERISTICS AND STRENGTHS. SPIRITUAL AND RELIGIOUS VALUES
ETHNIC IDENTITY
GENDER‐RELATED CONSIDERATIONS
CULTURAL STRENGTHS
POTENTIAL CHALLENGES
PREJUDICE AND DISCRIMINATION
COUNSELING AND APPLIED CONSIDERATIONS
COUNSELING CONTEXTS: MUSLIM AMERICANS
CHARACTERISTICS AND STRENGTHS
SPIRITUAL AND RELIGIOUS VALUES
GENDER‐RELATED CONSIDERATIONS
CULTURAL STRENGTHS
POTENTIAL CHALLENGES
COUNSELING AND APPLIED CONSIDERATIONS
MARGINALIZED RELIGIOUS COMMUNITIES: A CLINICAL CHECKLIST
SUMMARY
GLOSSARY TERMS
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 19 Multicultural Counseling Contexts: Immigrants and Refugees. CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS
SOCIOHISTORICAL CONTEXT
CULTURAL DIMENSIONS
POTENTIAL CHALLENGES
GENDER ISSUES AND DOMESTIC VIOLENCE
REFUGEE ISSUES AND COPING WITH LOSS
STRENGTHS AND RESILIENCIES
COUNSELING AND APPLIED CONSIDERATIONS
BARRIERS TO SEEKING TREATMENT
LINGUISTIC AND COMMUNICATION ISSUES
COUNSELING REFUGEES
EFFECTS OF PAST PERSECUTION, TORTURE, OR TRAUMA
A CLINICAL CHECKLIST
SUMMARY
GLOSSARY TERMS
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 20 Multicultural Counseling Contexts: LGBTQ Communities. CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
CHARACTERISTICS AND STRENGTHS
SOGI AWARENESS
Implications
LGBTQ YOUTH
Implications
LGBTQ COUPLES AND FAMILIES
Implications
STRENGTHS
SPECIFIC CHALLENGES
COMING OUT
Implications
PREJUDICE, DISCRIMINATION, AND MISCONCEPTIONS
Implications
AGING
Implications
IMPLICATIONS FOR CLINICAL PRACTICE
SUMMARY
GLOSSARY TERMS
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 21 Multicultural Counseling Contexts: Older Adults. CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS
SOCIOHISTORICAL CONTEXT
POTENTIAL CHALLENGES
MENTAL DETERIORATION
ELDER ABUSE
STRENGTHS AND RESILIENCIES
SEXUALITY
LEADERSHIP
COUNSELING AND APPLIED CONSIDERATIONS
PHYSICAL LIMITATIONS
COGNITIVE LIMITATIONS
ELDER ABUSE
SUBSTANCE ABUSE
SOCIAL ISOLATION, DEPRESSION, AND SUICIDE
THE BENEFITS OF COUNSELING AND THERAPY FOR OLDER ADULTS
A CLINICAL CHECKLIST
SUMMARY
GLOSSARY TERMS
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 22 Multicultural Counseling Contexts: Women. CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS
SOCIOHISTORICAL CONTEXT
POTENTIAL CHALLENGES
BIAS AND SCHOOLING
ORGANIZATIONAL AND WORKPLACE BIAS
HARASSMENT AND VIOLENCE
SEXUAL OBJECTIFICATION AND ITS SEQUELLAE
SOCIAL PRESSURE TOWARD UNREALISTIC BODY IDEALS
CARETAKER OVERLOAD
INCIDENCE OF DEPRESSION
STRENGTHS AND RESILIENCIES
COUNSELING AND APPLIED CONSIDERATIONS
GENDER BIAS AND CONVENTIONAL PRACTICES
BODY IMAGE
ADDRESSING HARASSMENT AND VIOLENCE
EDUCATIONAL AND VOCATIONAL ISSUES
DEPRESSION
A CLINICAL CHECKLIST
SUMMARY
GLOSSARY TERMS
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 23 Multicultural Counseling Contexts: Individuals Living in Poverty. CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS
SOCIOHISTORICAL CONTEXT
POTENTIAL CHALLENGES
SOCIAL EXCLUSION
EDUCATIONAL INEQUITIES
DISPARITIES IN THE JUDICIAL SYSTEM
CLASSISM AND THE MINIMUM WAGE
HEALTH CARE INEQUITIES
STRENGTHS AND RESILIENCIES
COUNSELING AND APPLIED CONSIDERATIONS
A CLINICAL CHECKLIST
SUMMARY
GLOSSARY TERMS
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 24 Multicultural Counseling Contexts: Individuals with Disabilities. CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS
SOCIOHISTORICAL CONTEXT. MODELS OF DISABILITY
POTENTIAL CHALLENGES. PREJUDICE AND DISCRIMINATION
STRENGTHS AND RESILIENCIES
COUNSELING AND APPLIED CONSIDERATIONS
SEXUALITY AND REPRODUCTION
SPIRITUALITY AND RELIGIOSITY
FAMILY COUNSELING
ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL JUSTICE ISSUES
COUNSELORS' ATTITUDES WHEN CLIENTS HAVE DISABILITIES
A CLINICAL CHECKLIST
SUMMARY
GLOSSARY TERMS
REFERENCES
Index
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