Оглавление
Laure Monconduit. Na-ion Batteries
Table of Contents
List of Illustrations
List of Tables
Guide
Pages
Na-ion Batteries
Introduction
I.1. Why Na-ion batteries?
I.2. From the electrodes to the electrolyte for NIBs. I.2.1.Positive electrodes
I.2.2.Negative electrodes
I.2.3.Electrolytes and the solid electrolyte interphase
I.3. Future commercialization of NIBs
I.4. References
1. Layered NaMO2 for the Positive Electrode
1.1. Research history of layered transition metal oxides as electrode materials for Na-ion batteries until 2009
1.2. Crystal structures of layered materials. 1.2.1.Crystal structures of synthesizable NaxMO2
1.2.2.Structural changes of O3-NaMO2by Na extraction
1.2.3.Structural changes of P2-NaxMO2by Na extraction
1.3. O3-type layered materials. 1.3.1.NaMO2(M = Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni)
1.3.1.1. O3-NaScO2, O3-NaTiO2and O3-NaVO2
1.3.1.2. O3-NaCrO2
1.3.1.3. O’3-NaMnO2
1.3.1.4. O3-NaFeO2
1.3.1.5. O3-NaCoO2
1.3.1.6. O’3-NaNiO2
1.3.2.O3-Na[M,M’]O2(M, M’ = transition metals)
1.3.2.1. O3-Na[Fe,M]O2
1.3.2.2. O3-Na[Fe,Co,M]O2
1.3.2.3. O3-Na[Ni,Mn,M]O2
1.3.3.Moist air stability of O3-NaMO2and surface coating
1.4. P2-type layered materials. 1.4.1.Practical issues of P2-type materials for Na-ion batteries
1.4.2.P2-Na2/3[Mn,Co,M]O2
1.4.3.P2-Na2/3[Mn,Fe,M]O2
1.4.4.P2-Na2/3[Ni,Mn,M]O2
1.5. Summary and prospects
1.6. Acknowledgments
1.7. References
2. Polyanionic-Type Compounds as Positive Electrodes for Na-ion batteries
2.1. Introduction. 2.1.1.Oxides and polyanionic frameworks as positive electrodes for sodium ion-batteries
2.1.2.NASICONs and Na3V2(PO4)2F3. 2.1.2.1. Structural descriptions and differences
2.1.2.2. Traditional synthesis methods
2.1.2.3. Electrochemical signatures
2.2. NASICON structures as model frameworks in sodium-ion battery applications. 2.2.1.Compositional diversity from solid electrolytes to electrodes
2.2.2.NASICON-typed materials as electrodes for Na batteries. 2.2.2.1. One transition-metal-based NaxM2(XO4)3NASICONs
2.2.2.2. Multitransition-metal-based NaxMM’(PO4)3NASICONs
2.2.3.Na3V2(PO4)3(NVP) 2.2.3.1. Structural modifications as a function of temperature
2.2.3.2. Electrochemical properties and applications of NVP in Na batteries
2.2.3.2.1. Symmetric NASICON NVP//NVP full cells
Box 2.1.Key reactions in NVP symmetric cells
2.2.3.2.2. Recent achievements in NIBs using Na3V2(PO4)3 as positive electrodes
2.3. Na3V2(PO4)2F3used as a model framework in sodium-ion battery applications. 2.3.1.Structural description and compositional diversity
2.3.2.Na3V2(PO4)2F3: a promising active material for positive electrodes in NIBs. 2.3.2.1. A versatile promising material: from LIBs to NIBs
2.3.2.2. A complex phase diagram observed upon cycling, controlled by the charge ordering
2.3.2.3. A paradox related to vanadium redox couples
2.3.3.Oxygen substitution in Na3V2(PO4)2F3and its effects on the electrochemical performance of substituted phases
2.3.4.Paving the way toward Na3V2(PO4)2F3with superior performance
2.3.4.1. Three Na+ions extraction at the extreme cycling conditions
2.3.4.2. Going beyond the extraction of two Na+ions through ionic substitution
2.4. Conclusion and perspectives
2.5. References
3. Hard Carbon for Na-ion Batteries: From Synthesis to Performance and Storage Mechanism
3.1. Introduction
3.2. What is a hard carbon?
3.3. Hard carbon synthesis and microstructure
3.3.1.Synthetic precursors-based hard carbon synthesis
3.3.2.Bio-polymers derived hard carbon synthesis
3.3.3.Biomass-based hard carbon synthesis
3.4. Hard carbon characteristics
3.4.1.Hard carbon structure
3.4.2.Hard carbon porosity
3.4.3.Hard carbon surface chemistry
3.4.4.Hard carbon structural defects
3.5. Electrochemical performance. 3.5.1.Materials performance
3.5.2.Full Na-ion system performance
3.5.3.Sodium insertion mechanisms in hard carbon
3.6. Conclusion
3.7. References
4. Non-Carbonaceous Negative Electrodes in Sodium Batteries
4.1. Introduction
4.2. Insertion materials. 4.2.1.Insertion anodes based on titanium oxide and titanates
4.2.1.1. Titanium oxide TiO2
4.2.1.2. Na2Ti3O7sodium titanate
4.2.1.3. Li4Ti5O12lithium titanate
4.2.1.4. Layered titanates
4.2.2.Insertion anodes based on transition metal chalcogenides
4.2.3.Insertion MXene-based anodes
4.2.4.Insertion organic anodes
4.3. Negative electrode materials based on electrochemical alloying with sodium
4.3.1.Silicon and germanium
4.3.2.Tin
4.3.3.Phosphorus
4.3.4.Antimony
4.3.5.Other post-transition metal elements
4.4. Negative electrode materials based on conversion reactions
4.4.1.Reaction mechanisms of CM
4.4.2.Approaches toward efficient anode CM for NIB
4.5. Conclusion
4.6. References
5. Electrolytes for Sodium Batteries
5.1. Introduction
5.2. Liquid and solid electrolytes for sodium batteries
5.2.1.Organic liquid electrolytes
5.2.2. IL-based electrolytes
5.2.3. Hybrid electrolytes
5.2.4.Effects of additives and impurities
5.2.5.Solid-state electrolytes. 5.2.5.1. Organic ionic plastic crystals
5.2.5.2. Solid polymer electrolytes
5.2.5.3. Gel polymer electrolytes
5.3. Properties of IL-based electrolytes for Na batteries
5.3.1.Physical properties
5.3.2.Thermal stability
5.3.3.Electrochemical stability
5.4. Modeling IL-based electrolytes
5.5. Conclusion and future perspectives
5.6. Abbreviations
5.7. References
6. Solid Electrolyte Interphase in Na-ion batteries
6.1. Introduction. 6.1.1.The solid electrolyte interphase
6.1.2.Characterization of the SEI
6.2. Physical properties of the Na-ion SEI. 6.2.1.Electrochemical stability
6.2.2.Mechanical properties
6.2.3.Dissolution of SEI components
6.3. Comparisons of SEI in sodium- and lithium-based electrolytes. 6.3.1.Formation and composition
6.3.2.Resistance
6.4. Conclusion
6.5. References
7. Batteries Containing Prussian Blue Analogue Electrodes
7.1. Introduction. 7.1.1.Chapter introduction
7.1.2.History of Prussian blue
7.1.3.Physical characteristics: structure, composition and morphology
7.1.4.Synthetic methods
7.2. Electrochemistry of PBAs. 7.2.1.Mechanism and resulting characteristics
7.2.2.Reaction potentials
7.2.3.PBA cathodes
7.2.4. PBA anodes
7.3. Prussian blue batteries. 7.3.1.Cells containing two PBA electrodes
7.3.2.Cells containing one PBA electrode
7.3.3. Challenges for PBA batteries
7.4. Conclusion and future outlook
7.5. References
8. The Design, Performance and Commercialization of Faradion’s Non-aqueous Na-ion Battery Technology
8.1. Introduction
8.2. Experimental. 8.2.1.Active materials
8.2.2.Electrode fabrication
8.2.2.1. Cathode slurry and coating
8.2.2.2. Anode slurry and coating
8.2.2.3. Calendering and slitting
8.2.3.Pouch cell fabrication
8.2.4.Faradion electrolyte
8.3. Cell performance. 8.3.1.Half-cell cycling
8.3.2.Full Na-ion cell cycling: curves and stability
8.3.3.Rate capability
8.3.4.Temperature studies
8.3.5.Three-electrode cell studies
8.4. Safety and zero energy storage and transportation
8.5. Scale-up and prototyping
8.6. Demonstrators: stacks and packs
8.7. Business and IP strategy
8.8. Cost analysis
8.9. Future developments
8.10. Conclusion
8.11. Acknowledgments
8.12. References
List of Authors
Index
A, B, C
D, E, F
H, I, L
M, N, P
S, T, V, X
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