What Do We Know and What Should We Do About Social Mobility?

What Do We Know and What Should We Do About Social Mobility?
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Britain has become a country defined by economic, geographical, and political divides. Its low social mobility is an increasingly pressing issue and the failure to do something now will mean greater problems for future generations, but what can be done to reverse this trend.<br /> <br /> Through the use of cutting-edge data this book summarises what we know about social mobility in Britain, documenting the history of mobility trends since the Second World War; detailing the recent dark age of declining absolute mobility, charting the variation of social mobility by place; and considering how family traits affect intergenerational mobility. The authors then call for a fundamental shift in debates about social mobility, arguing that simply tinkering with current policies will not transform society to the extent that is needed. Only by establishing general principles of fairness in society- relating to notions of community and collective responsibility &ndash; can we agree the major policy reforms that can make Britain a more mobile and just society.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> ABOUT THE SERIES: The &lsquo;What Do We Know and What Should We Do About…?&prime; series offers readers short, up-to-date overviews of key issues often misrepresented, simplified or misunderstood in modern society and the media. Each book is written by a leading social scientist with an established reputation in the relevant subject area. The Series Editor is Professor Chris Grey, Royal Holloway, University of London<br /> <div>&nbsp;</div>

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Lee Elliot Major. What Do We Know and What Should We Do About Social Mobility?

What do we know and what should we do about…

Contents

Titles in the Series

About the Series

About the Authors

1 Introduction

Measures of Mobility

Social Mobility Research

Different Dimensions

Notes

2 Background

The Golden Age (1950–70)

Decade of Economic Decline (1970–80)

Ages of Growing Divides (1980–2008, 2008–20)

Rising Inequality (1980–2008)

The Era of Falling Absolute Mobility (2008–20)

Notes

3 What do We Know?

International

Anglophone comparisons

The Great Gatsby Curve

Absolute Comparisons

Decline. Millennial gloom

Fissuring of the workplace

Opportunity hoarding

Workplace Divides

Place. The place not to be

The US mobility map

London

Dynasty. A universal law?

Notes

4 What should we do? Fairness

Fair game? To whom?

Rawls’ test of fairness and justice

Questions of fairness

Collectivism

Inequality

Taxation

Collective action

Decency. Job parity policies

Human capital tax credits and a lifelong learning levy

Educational justice

A decent education for all

Levelling up

Community – Restoring local opportunities. The price of educational justice

Place-based approaches

Economic regeneration

Access. Merit wars

University admissions

Random justice

School lotteries

Private schools

Elite professions

Notes

Conclusion

References

Index

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Social Mobility?

Titles in the series

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Table 1.1

For the first three correlational measures, a value of 1 corresponds to complete immobility, with parents and offspring outcomes perfectly correlated. A correlation of 0 corresponds to complete mobility, with no relationship between family background and the adult outcomes of children. For transitions, the example given in the table splits parental and child measures into five equally sized groups – quintiles running from the bottom 20 per cent to the top 20 per cent. In this case, complete mobility corresponds to children growing up in any parental quintile having a 20 per cent chance of ending up in any of the five quintiles in their own generation. Complete immobility is where everyone stays in the same quintile as their parents. There is no movement and everyone remains on the diagonal of the five-by-five transition matrix.

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