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Measurement 1) измерение; замер 2) размеры

Measure 1) мера; единица измерения The measure is given in centimeters. – Единицей измерения является сантиметр. dry measures – меры сыпучих тел liquid measures – меры жидкостей square measures – меры площади – linear measures

2) мерка, размер, мера, эталон, основание (для чего-л.) Wealth is not a measure of happiness. – Богатство не может служить мерилом счастья.

3) а) необходимое количество, мера б) мера, умеренность, сдержанность в) грань, граница, степень, предел

1) мера; единица измерения The measure is given in centimeters. – Единицей измерения является сантиметр. dry measures – меры сыпучих тел liquid measures – меры жидкостей square measures – меры площади – linear measures 2) а) мерка, размер He liked suits made to measure. – Он любил костюмы, сшитые на заказ. б) мера, эталон, основание (для чего-л.) Wealth is not a measure of happiness. – Богатство не может служить мерилом счастья. 3) а) необходимое количество, мера б) мера, умеренность, сдержанность в) грань, граница, степень, предел

Rod стержень, брус, рейка, тяга, шток, рычаг connecting rod – соединительная тяга, шатун divining rod – волшебный (ивовый) прут для отыскания подпочвенных вод или металлов lightning rod – стержневой молниеотвод piston rod – шток поршня fuel rod – урановый стержень (в ядерном реакторе)

Comparison сопоставление, сравнение, there is no comparison between them – невозможно их сравнивать

To define 1) (define as) определять (значение слова), давать определение (какому-л. понятию) 2) задать (процедуру); определить, описать (переменную) 3) очерчивать, ограничивать, устанавливать границы rigidly defined property lines – строго определённые границы собственности Syn: demarcate 4) характеризовать; определять, устанавливать to define smb.'s powers – определить чьи-л. Полномочия

To determine 1) определять, устанавливать2) решать, разрешать to determine a dispute – решить спор Syn: decide, resolve, 3) определять, решать, выносить решение Syn: resolve 4) (determine to do smth. / (up)on doing smth.) решать, принимать решение (сделать что-л.)

error bound граница (предел) погрешности error margin допустимая погрешность; допустимый предел estimate 1) оценка by smb.'s estimate – по чьей-л. оценке to give / make estimate – оценивать an approximate, rough estimate – грубая оценка conservative estimate – консервативная точка зрения preliminary estimate – предварительная оценка written estimate – письменная оценка meter scale шкала измерительного прибора confidence level 1) доверительный уровень; уровень доверительной вероятности 2) уровень достоверности; степень уверенности quantity 1) количество; численность, число in (large) quantities – в (большом) количестве considerable quantity – значительное количество large quantity – большое количество small quantity – незначительное количество sufficient quantity – достаточное количество

4) величина derived quantity – производная величина incommensurable quantities – несоизмеримые величины negligible quantity – пренебрежимо малая величина unknown quantity – неизвестная величина

British Imperial system британская, английская или имперская система единиц измерения (в отличие от метрической)

Text 1

Units of measurement

Measurement is a process that uses numbers to describe things based on what we can observe about them. This is done to be able to compare them to each other. We can measure how big things are, how warm they are, how heavy they are, and lots of other features as well. Units of Measurement provide standards for our comparisons, so that the numbers from our measurements refer to the same thing. For example, the meter is a standard unit used to measure length. Before 1982, it was defined as the distance between two markers on a special rod. Now scientists define the meter as a fraction of the speed of light.

Saying something has a length of 2 meters means that it is exactly twice as long as that rod used to define the meter, or that light takes twice the time defined for a meter to travel that distance.

The act of measuring often requires an instrument designed and calibrated for that purpose, such as a thermometer, speedometer, weighing scale, or voltmeter.

The property of the thing being measured is given as a number of units of measurement. The number only has sense when the unit of measurement is also given.

For example, the Eiffel Tower in Paris, France is 300 meters tall. That is, the distance from the top to the bottom of the Eiffel Tower is 300 meters. The property of the Eiffel Tower being measured is a distance. The number measured is 300. This number does not make sense without the unit of measurement. The unit of measurement is the meter.

Standards are special objects that are used to make measurements in terms of fixed units of measurement. A meter stick is an example of a standard. When you measure something with a meter stick, you can compare that measurement to anything else that is also measured with a meter stick. This makes measurement easier and comparisons between measurements easier.

There are units of measurement of different sizes. There are small units of measurement to measure small things. There are big units of measurement to measure big things.

Science, medicine and engineering use smaller units of measurement to measure small things with less error. It is easier to measure large things using larger units of measurement. Large measurements like the width of a galaxy and small measurements like the mass of an atom use special units of measurement.

Measurement is fundamental in science; it is one of the things that distinguish science from pseudoscience. Measurement is also essential in industry, commerce, engineering, construction, manufacturing, pharmaceutical production, and electronics.

The word measurement comes from the Greek "metron," meaning limited proportion. This also has a common root with the word "moon" and "month" possibly since the moon and other astronomical objects were among the first measurement methods of time.

The history of measurements is a topic within the history of science and technology. The meter (or metre) was standardized as the unit for length after the French revolution, and has since been adopted throughout most of the world.

• “When you can measure what you are speaking about, and express it in numbers, you know something about it; but when you cannot express it in numbers, your knowledge is of a meager and unsatisfactory kind; it may be the beginning of knowledge, but you have scarcely in your thoughts advanced to the state of science.” – Lord Kelvin

Measurements always have errors and therefore uncertainties. In fact, the reduction – not necessarily the elimination – of uncertainty is central to the concept of measurement. Measurement errors are often assumed to be normally distributed about the true value of the measured quantity. Under this assumption, every measurement has three components: the estimate, the error bound, and the probability that the actual magnitude lies within the error bound of the estimate. For example, a measurement of the length of a plank might result in a measurement of 2.53 meters plus or minus 0.01 meter, with a probability of 99 percent.

In science, where accurate measurement is crucial, a measurement is understood to have three parts: first, the measurement itself, second, the margin of error, and third, the confidence level – that is, the probability that the actual property of the physical object is within the margin of error. For example, we might measure the length of an object as 2.34 meters plus or minus 0.01 meter, with a 95 percent level of confidence.

Task №1

Answer the questions.

1. Where does the word measure come from?

2. What can we measure?

3. Who define the meter as a fraction of the speed of light?

4. Are there units of measurement of different sizes?

5. Where is measurement also essential?

Task № 2

Make questions to the underlined words

1. Measurement is a process that uses numbers to describe things based on what we can observe about them.

2. The act of measuring often requires an instrument designed and calibrated for that purpose, such as a thermometer, speedometer, weighing scale, or voltmeter.

3. Standards are special objects that are used to make measurements in terms of fixed units of measurement.

4. Measurement errors are often assumed to be normally distributed about the true value of the measured quantity.

5. Every measurement has three components: the estimate, the error bound, and the probability that the actual magnitude lies within the error bound of the estimate.

Task № 3

Put the verb into the correct form.

1. The word measurement ___from the Greek "metron," meaning limited proportion. (come) 2. The act of measuring often_____ an instrument designed and calibrated for that purpose, such as a thermometer, speedometer, weighing scale, or voltmeter.( requires) 3. The distance from the top to the bottom of the Eiffel Tower is 300 meters. The number ____ is 300. (measured) 4. Science, medicine and engineering ____smaller units of measurement to measure small things with less error. (use) 5. The unit of measurement __ the meter. (to be)

Task № 4

Put the verb into active or passive form.

1. This _____ to be able to compare them to each other. (do) 2. Before 1982, it _______ as the distance between two markers on a special rod. (define) 3. Standards are special objects that _____ to make measurements in terms of fixed units of measurement.(use) 4. The meter (or metre)_____(standardize) as the unit for length after the French revolution, and __since ___(adopt) throughout most of the world. 5. Measurement errors ___often ___(assum) to be normally distributed about the true value of the measured quantity.

Task № 5

Complete the sentences using one of these verbs.

come provide make require define

1. Units of Measurement _____standards for our comparisons, so that the numbers from our measurements refer to the same thing. 2. Now scientists _____the meter as a fraction of the speed of light. 3. The act of measuring often _____an instrument designed and calibrated for that purpose, such as a thermometer, speedometer, weighing scale, or voltmeter. 4. Standards are special objects that are used to ______measurements in terms of fixed units of measurement. 5. The word measurement _____from the Greek "metron," meaning limited proportion.

Task № 6

Put in a/an or the where necessary.

____ Eiffel Tower in Paris, France is 300 meters tall. That is, ____ distance from ____top to ____ bottom of ____ Eiffel Tower is 300 meters. ____ property of ____ Eiffel Tower being measured is ___distance. ____number measured is 300. This number does not make sense without ____unit of measurement. ___ meter stick is ___example of a standard. Large measurements like ___ width of a galaxy and small measurements like ___mass of ___ atom use special units of measurement. ___measurement of ___length of ___ plank might result in ___measurement of 2.53 meters plus or minus 0.01 meter, with __ probability of 99 percent.