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Lisa Bortolotti. Philosophy of Psychology
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Illustrations
Guide
Pages
Dedication
Philosophy of Psychology. An Introduction
Copyright Page
Detailed Contents
Acknowledgements
Introduction. An Overview
Philosophy of Psychology. What is Philosophy of Psychology?
Philosophy of Psychology and Philosophy of Mind
Philosophy of Psychology and Philosophy of Science
Foundational and Implicational
Why Do We Need Philosophy of Psychology?
Evaluating Psychological Studies
Replication
Research Participants
Ecological Validity
Further Resources. Articles and Books
Online Resources
Questions
1 Rationality. 1.1 Introduction
1.2 Clarifying Rationality
BOX 1A:The Standard Picture of Rationality
BOX 1B:Competence vs Performance
1.3 Systematic Biases and Errors
Wason Selection Task
Conjunction Fallacy
Base-Rate Neglect
Preference Reversal
1.4 Pessimism about Rationality. Making Sense of the Results
Argument for Pessimism
1.5 Objections to Pessimism. The Feasibility Objection
The Meaninglessness Objection
The Ecological Rationality Objection
1.6 The Aim of Cognition. Aiming at Truth
Positive Illusions
BOX 1C:Positive Illusions
1.7 Summary
Further Resources. Articles and Books
Online Resources
Questions
2 Self-Knowledge. 2.1 Introduction
2.2 Clarifying Self-Knowledge. Self-Knowledge and Its Targets
Self-Knowledge: Privileged and Peculiar
BOX 2A:Key Terms in the Philosophical Literature on Self-Knowledge
2.3 Challenges to Peculiarity. Peculiarity and Parity
Dissonance Studies
Confabulation Studies
BOX 2B:Some Contexts in Which People Confabulate
Success and Failure of Self-Knowledge
2.4 The Moderate View
2.5 The Extreme Parity View. Extreme Parity and Parsimony
The Interpretive Sensory-Access Theory
2.6 Summary
Further Resources. Articles and Books
Online Resources
Questions
3 Duality. 3.1 Introduction
3.2 The Dual-Process Theory. Basic Ideas
BOX 3A:Theories of Duality in Human Cognition
Empirical Reasons: Reasoning Biases
Wason Selection Task
Belief Bias
Philosophical Reasons: The Rationality Paradox
3.3 Processes and Interactions. Type-1 and Type-2 Processes
Interaction between Type-1 and Type-2 Processes
3.4 The Dual-System Theory. Exactly Two Systems?
BOX 3B:Modularity
Two Agents?
Sloman on Criterion S
Davidson on Mental Partitioning
3.5 The Dual-State Theory. Two States
Non-Doxastic Dual-State Theory
Gendler on Aliefs and Beliefs
Doxastic Dual-State Theory. Frankish on Type-1 and Type-2 Beliefs
Schwitzgebel on In-Between Beliefs
3.6 Summary
Further Resources. Articles and Books
Online Resources
Questions
4 Moral Judgment. 4.1 Introduction
4.2 Harm and Emotion. Moral and Conventional
Moral–Conventional Tasks
Morality and Harm
The Dog Eating Study
Morality and Affect
4.3 Interaction between Affective Processes and Reasoning Processes. Models of Interaction
BOX 4A:Models of Interaction between Type-1 and Type-2 Processes
More Than a Post Hoc Rationalization
The Trolley/Footbridge Study
4.4 Affective Processes and Reasoning Processes. The Mapping Thesis
Content Interpretation
Commitment Interpretation
4.5 Summary
Further Resources. Articles and Books
Online Resources
Questions
5 Moral Motivation and Behaviour. 5.1 Introduction
5.2 The Empathy–Altruism Hypothesis. Empathy
BOX 5A:Varieties of ‘empathy’ (Batson 2018)
Altruism
5.3 Altruistic Motivation or Aversive-Arousal Reduction?
The Katie Banks Experiment
The Elaine Experiment
5.4 The Empathy–Benefit Hypothesis. Empathy and Its Consequences
Empathy and Its Biases
5.5 Responding to the Challenge. Revising the Hypothesis
Revising Response 1 (Correcting Empathy)
Revising Response 2 (Full Empathy)
Biting the Bullet. Biting the Bullet Response 1 (Maximizing Local Happiness)
Biting the Bullet Response 2 (Partial Obligation)
5.6 Is Empathy Particularly Problematic?
5.7 Summary
Further Resources. Articles and Books
Online Resources
Questions
6 Free Will and Responsibility. 6.1 Introduction
6.2 Varieties of Free Will Scepticism. Materialism and Determinism
Epiphenomenalism
6.3 Empirical Evidence for Epiphenomenalism? Libet-Style Studies
The Libet Experiment
Situationist Studies
The Good Samaritan Study
BOX 6A:Influential Situationist Studies
Wegner-Style Studies
The I Spy Experiment
6.4 Implicit Bias and Responsibility. Implicit Bias: A Case Study
The Implicit Association Test
Awareness and Control
6.5 Summary
Further Resources. Articles and Books
Online Resources
Questions
7 Delusion and Confabulation. 7.1 Introduction
7.2 Delusion. What Are Delusions?
BOX 7A:The Language We Use to Talk About Mental Health
BOX 7B:Definition of Delusion in Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5)
BOX 7C:Some Delusional Themes
How Are Delusions Formed?
Multiple Factors
Prediction Errors
Are Delusions Beliefs?
7.3 Delusion and Irrationality. Is Delusional Reasoning Irrational?
The Jumping-to-Conclusion Bias
Are Delusions Irrational in a Distinctive Way?
7.4 Confabulation. What Is Confabulation?
BOX 7D:Definitions of Confabulation
BOX 7E:Features of Confabulation (Cherry 2020)
Does Confabulation Distort Reality in a Distinctive Way?
BOX 7F:Schacter’s ‘Seven Sins of Memory’
How Do We Remember?
7.5 Summary
Further Resources. Articles and Books
Online Resources
Questions
8 Autism and Psychopathy. 8.1 Introduction
BOX 8A:Neurodiversity or Disability?
8.2 Autism and Mindreading. Autism
BOX 8B:Autism Spectrum Disorder inDSM-5(American Psychiatric Association 2013, 50–51)
The Sally–Anne Experiment
Simulation and Theory
Do Problems with Mindreading Explain Autism?
The Eye-Tracking Mindreading Study
8.3 Psychopathy and Empathy. Psychopathy
BOX 8C:Items in the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R)
Empathy Impairments
Do Empathy Impairments Explain Psychopathy?
8.4 Psychopathy and Moral Judgment. Psychopathy and the Moral–Conventional Distinction
Psychopathy and Sacrificial Dilemmas
8.5 Summary
Further Resources. Articles and Books
Online Resources
Questions
Conclusion
References. Introduction
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Conclusion
Index
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