Оглавление
Lisa García Bedolla. Latino Politics
Contents
Guide
List of Plates
List of Illustrations
List of Tables
Pages
Latino Politics
Preface to the Third Edition. Lisa García Bedolla
Christian Hosam
Acknowledgments. Lisa García Bedolla
Christian Hosam
1Introduction: Latinos and US Politics. Objectives
Latinos, Cultural Representations, and Politics
Defining Latino: What’s in a Name?
Latinos’ “Ethnicity” and “Race”
Gender: Latino Politics and Intersectionality
Latino Political Incorporation
US Foreign and Economic Policy and Latino Politics
Conclusion
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION
Notes
2Mexican Americans: Conquest, Migration, and Adaptation. Objectives
Introduction
Mexican Independence and the Early Republic
Mexican Citizenship Status after Annexation
Formal Voting Rights
Protection from the Criminal Justice System
Protection of Property
The Porfiriato and the Beginning of Mass Mexican Migration to the United States
Deportations and US Immigration Policy
Mexican Settlement in the United States during the Twentieth Century
Letter from Youth Committee for the Defense of Mexican American Youth, 1942
School Segregation
Mexican American Political Organizing
Mexican Americans and Electoral Politics
Mexican American Concerns and the White House
The Chicano Movement
Reies López Tijerina and La Alianza
Corky Gonzáles and the Crusade for Justice
Selection from Poem “I Am Joaquín” by Rodolfo “Corky” Gonzáles
Student Groups: UMAS, MAYO, and Others
The Chicano Moratorium
La Raza Unida Party
Women and the Chicano Movement
The End of the Movement and its Consequences
Rosie Castro: The Birth of a Texas Political Legacy
Mexican American Politics Today
Mexican Migration and the Future of Mexican American Politics
Conclusion
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION
GUIDE TO FURTHER READINGS
Notes
3Puerto Ricans: From Colonized People to Political Activists. Objectives
Introduction
The Status of Puerto Rico
The Puerto Rican Economy: Operation Bootstrap and the Great Migration
Puerto Rican Political Life in the United States
Luisa Capetillo: Transnational Labor Organizer and Political Activist25
The Puerto Rican Movement
Puerto Rican Politics Today – Maria, Austerity, and the Ongoing Fight For Self-Determination
Debt and Austerity in the Commonwealth
Hurricane Maria – Puerto Rico and Disaster Capitalism
Puerto Rico Se Levanta – Puerto Ricans Combatting Government Corruption
US Puerto Rican Politics Today
Conclusion
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION
GUIDE TO FURTHER READINGS
Notes
4Cuban Americans: Occupation, Revolution, and Exile Politics. Objectives
Introduction
Paulina Pedroso: An Advocate for Racial Justice and Cuban Independence
The Platt Amendment, 1901
Cuban Exiles in the United States
Cuban Exiles and Government Support
Cuban Exile Politics
Cubans, the Political Parties, and Bloc Voting
Other Forms of Political Influence
Cuban Political Ideology and Opinion
The Limits of Cuban Political Influence
Political Changes in Cuba and US–Cuba Policy
Conclusion: Is there a Cuban “Model”?
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION
GUIDE TO FURTHER READINGS
Notes
5Dominicans: Political Upheaval, Imperialism, and Transnational Activism. Objectives
Introduction
Independence
Searching for Imperial Protection
The Dominican Debt and Growing US Influence
US Intervention and Occupation: Part I
The Trujillo Era
US Occupation: Part II
Dominican Migration to the United States
A “Transnational” Migration?
Dominican Political Engagement in the United States
Normandía Maldonado: The Politics of Cultural Performance
Conclusion
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION
GUIDE TO FURTHER READINGS
Notes
6Central Americans: Inequality, War, and Solidarity. Objectives
Introduction
Salvadorans and Guatemalans
El Salvador
Guatemala
Salvadoran and Guatemalan Migration
Luisa Moreno: From Privileged Daughter to Transcontinental Union Organizer
The Central American Peace and Solidarity Movement
Salvadorans, Guatemalans, and US Immigration Policy
Traditional Political Engagement
Conclusion
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION
GUIDE TO FURTHER READINGS
Notes
7Latina/o Participation: Individual Activity and Institutional Context. Objectives
Latino Political Engagement
Demographics
Understanding Political Participation
Lack of mobilization
Institutional Context
Electoral Rules
Majority rule
The Voting Rights Act
Citizenship and voting rights
Nonelectoral participation
Legislative Rules
Committee rules
Party influence and agendas
Representation
Levels of Government and Regional Differences
Conclusion
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION
GUIDE TO FURTHER READINGS
Notes
8Conclusion: Latino Migration and Mobilization in Context. Objectives
Introduction
The 2006 Marches and Unauthorized Migration
The DREAMers
The 2012 and 2016 Elections and the Latino Vote
Latino Political Engagement in Context
Notes
Appendix
Notes
Bibliography
Index. A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
POLITY END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT
Отрывок из книги
Third Edition
LISA GARCÍA BEDOLLA AND CHRISTIAN HOSAM
.....
During the colonial period, the Spaniards developed a complex casta system, which laid out the racial hierarchy according to how much European, Black, or indigenous blood a particular individual had. Like the American system, the Spanish system placed the white Europeans on top; but the remainder included many more racial options than were available in the United States at that time. Most Latin American countries abolished the Spanish casta system after independence. But they still maintained the racial hierarchies. The difference was that their understanding of race included mixed race as a possibility, which was not true in most parts of the United States after the late nineteenth century.16 Thus, when Latinos arrived in the United States, they had to fit into a relatively rigid racial hierarchy, where it was very important whether a person was defined as “Black” or “white.” Yet many Latinos are of mixed race. Those of Mexican or Central American origin tend to be of mixed indigenous background, and those from the Caribbean are more likely to have African origins. But are they “Indian”? Or are they “Black”? Or something else? The problem with people of mixed race is that often there can be significant differences in skin color even within the same family. One sibling can be quite dark-skinned, another one quite light-skinned. Since the US racial structure did not allow for the possibility of admixture, what often happened was that the lighter-skinned sibling would be treated as “white,” the darker as “Black.” At the height of segregation, this meant that they could go to separate schools, get to use separate bathroom facilities, and in general would have a very different set of opportunities, simply because one was seen as white and the other was not. Latinos, then, complicated the US racial structure and did not fit neatly into any of its racial categories. This racial ambiguity meant that the location they chose to settle in, and the particular racial history in that place, had an important impact on the kinds of opportunities open to them. There was no one uniform response to, or treatment of, Latinos as a “race.”
For example, there were large numbers of Latinos, mostly of Mexican origin, living in the state of Texas during the nineteenth century. Many had been there originally when Texas was part of Mexico. Texas turned into a slave state once it became part of the United States, and after emancipation it developed and enforced strict Jim Crow laws, requiring racial segregation in neighborhoods, schools, and public facilities. Like the rest of the south, Texas also passed laws to keep Blacks from voting. Yet, in Texas, African Americans were not the only large minority group; there were Mexican Americans as well. Jim Crow laws were applied to the Mexican population because they too were seen as non-white, despite their legal categorization as white under the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. This was not true in New Mexico, however, where Latinos of Mexican origin remained in the majority until the twentieth century: in New Mexico, segregation was not as extreme as in Texas. Mexican Americans were allowed voting rights there. Moreover, they held public-office positions and much of the political power until the mid twentieth century. Thus, local context had an important impact on racial definitions and racial restrictions, even in the case of the same national-origin group. These differences were possible because of Latino racial ambiguity.
.....
