Оглавление
Louise Warwick-Booth. Contemporary Health Studies
CONTENTS
Guide
List of Illustrations
List of Tables
List of Case Studies
List of Learning Tasks
List of Boxes
Pages
Dedication
Contemporary Health Studies. An Introduction
Foreword
Acknowledgements
Picture credits
How to use this book
Part I. Chapter 1 – What is Health?
Chapter 2 – Contemporary Threats to Health
Chapter 3 – Investigating Health
Part II. Chapter 4 – Sociology
Chapter 5 – Social Anthropology
Chapter 6 – Health Psychology
Chapter 7 – Health Promotion
Part III
Chapter 8 – Individual Characteristics and their Influence upon Health
Chapter 9 – Social and Community Characteristics and their Influence upon Health
Chapter 10 – The Physical Environment and its Influence upon Health
Chapter 11 – Policy Influences upon Health
Chapter 12 – The Global Context of Health
Chapter 13 – Synthesizing Perspectives: Case Studies for Action
Introduction
Detailed outline of the book
Part I Understanding and Promoting Health
1 What is Health? Key learning outcomes
Overview
Definitions of health
Learning task 1.1. Defining health. Statement:
Learning task 1.2. Comparing definitions. Activity
Theoretical perspectives
The medical model
Learning task 1.3. Influences upon health
The social model
Salutogenesis
The holistic model
The biopsychosocial model
Different perspectives
Social construction
A moral phenomenon
Lay perspectives
Understandings according to culture
Understandings vary according to social class and level of formal education
Understandings across the lifespan
Children and young people’s perceptions of health
Older people’s perceptions of health
Understandings of health vary according to gender
Learning task 1.4. Different people, different definitions
Why is this important for understanding health?
Case study 1. Concepts of health and open defecation
Summary
Questions
Further reading
2 Contemporary Threats to Health. Key learning outcomes
Overview
Learning task 2.1. The significance of health threats
Conceptualizing the identifying of threats. Nature and determinants of health
Learning task 2.2. Hypertension and health
Magnitude and severity
Media construction and moral panics
Box 2.1 Media and moral panics (selected examples)
Learning task 2.3. HPV media coverage
Communicable and non-communicable diseases
Learning task 2.4. Analysing trends in life expectancy
Contemporary threats
Box 2.2 Examples of wide-ranging health inequalities
Why and how is all this important?
Case study 2. Global antibiotic resistance
Summary
Questions
Further reading
3 Investigating Health. Key learning outcomes
Overview
What is research?
Learning task 3.1. Where do I begin in thinking about my research project?
Philosophical frameworks
Research question/s
Quantitative research. Nature of quantitative research
Quantitative methods
Quantitative sampling
Quantitative analysis
Qualitative research. Nature of qualitative research
Qualitative methods
Learning task 3.2. Choosing an appropriate method for your project
Qualitative sampling
Learning task 3.3. Sampling for your project
Qualitative analysis
Differences between quantitative and qualitative research
Box 3.1 An example of a mixed method evaluation
Ethics of research
Box 3.2 Principles of research ethics
Evidence-based practice
Learning task 3.4. Appraising evidence for your project
Case study 3. Digital data
Why is understanding research important?
Summary
Questions
Further reading
Part II The Disciplinary Context of Health Studies
4 Sociology. Key learning outcomes
Overview
What is sociology?
Learning task 4.1
Society as a determinant of health
Learning task 4.2
Sociological theories of health and illness
Functionalist theory
Box 4.1 An example of sociological theory – Parson’s sick role
Symbolic interactionism
Box 4.2 An example of sociological theory – Goffman and the concept of stigma
Learning task 4.3. Stigma and health: biographical disruption
Marxist theory
Box 4.3 An example of sociological theory – medicine for profit
Feminist theory
Box 4.4 An example of sociological theory – the medicalization of women’s bodies
Social constructionism
Learning task 4.4. The social construction of disability
Post structuralism
Sociological critique of health promotion
Why is this important for understanding health?
Box 4.5 Key sociological questions about health promotion
Case study 4. The medical management of sleep
Summary
Questions
Further reading
5 Social Anthropology. Key learning outcomes
Overview
What is social anthropology?
Culture and health
Learning task 5.1. Reflecting upon why culture matters
Box 5.1 An example of cultural norms affecting health behaviour
Box 5.2 An example of cultural interpretations of illness
Experiencing illness
Box 5.3 Lay beliefs about cancer screening
Learning task 5.2. Exploring your own lay beliefs
Culture and treatment
Learning task 5.3. Healthworld, culture and environment
Cultural representations
Culture and mental illness
Box 5.4 HIV/AIDS and stigma
Cultural influences upon health
Learning task 5.4. Cultural representations of mental illness
Box 5.5 Medicine and the construction of health problems
Why is this important to health studies?
Case study 5. The Western culture of well-being
Summary
Questions
Further reading
6 Health Psychology. Key learning outcomes
Overview
Learning task 6.1. Reflection on changing behaviour
What is health psychology?
Health behaviour
Learning task 6.2. Lifestyle factors
Different kinds of behaviour
Determinants of behaviour
Learning task 6.3. Determinants of health behaviour
Self-efficacy
Beliefs about control
The Health Belief Model
Box 6.1 Application of the HBM to testicular self-examination (might also be applied in a similar way to breast self-examination)
Research and the Health Belief Model
The Theory of Planned Behaviour
Box 6.2 Application of the Theory of Planned Behaviour to taking up yoga
Research and the Theory of Planned Behaviour
Protection Motivation Theory (PMT)
Box 6.3 Application of Protection Motivation Theory to condom use
The Stages of Change Model
Box 6.4 Application of the Stages of Change Model to changing eating behaviour (reducing intake of high fat foods)
The COM-B Model
Learning task 6.4. Limitations of models of behaviour change
Critiques of theory
Health Action Model
Box 6.5 General critiques of behaviour change models in health psychology
How is health psychology important?
Critical perspectives
Case study 6
Summary
Questions
Further reading
7 Health Promotion. Key learning outcomes
Overview
What is health promotion?
Learning task 7.1. What do you think health promotion is?
Origins of health promotion
Box 7.1 Common features of new public health and health promotion
Tools for understanding health promotion
Tannahill’s model
Beattie’s model
Learning task 7.2. Applying Beattie’s model of health promotion
Naidoo and Wills’s typology
Box 7.2 Levels of prevention
Learning task 7.3. Behaviour-change campaigns
Tones and Tilford’s empowerment model
Caplan and Holland’s four perspectives
The Red Lotus Model
Principles and values
Focus on upstream approaches
Box 7.3 Upstream approaches in health promotion
Non-victim-blaming approaches
Evidence base
Participation and empowerment
Equity
Ethical practice
Learning task 7.4. Ethics in health promotion
Focus on salutogenic models
Critiques of health promotion
Contribution of health promotion
Case study 7. Using Caplan and Holland’s model to consider different approaches to addressing knife crime in England
Summary
Questions
Further reading
Part III Influences upon Health
8 Individual Characteristics and their Influence upon Health. Key learning outcomes
Overview
Learning task 8.1. Individual characteristics and health
What is this all about?
How do individual characteristics influence health?
Foetal development
Foetal programming
Box 8.1 The example of Foetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD)
Learning task 8.2. The Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children
Age
Biology and biological sex
Box 8.2 Key life stages
Gender
Hereditary and genetic factors
Box 8.3 Social and economic influences upon health
Box 8.4 Addictive personality
Personality
Learning task 8.3. Personality and motivation
Self-esteem
Box 8.5 Levels of motivation applied to the issue of safer sex (after the Health Action Model in Green et al., 2019)
Nature/nurture debate and individual characteristics
Learning task 8.4. The nature/nurture debate and individual differences
What does this mean?
A lifespan perspective
How is this relevant?
Case study 8. Individual characteristics and the experience of HIV/AIDS
Summary
Questions
Further reading
9 Social and Community Characteristics and their Influence upon Health. Key learning outcomes
Overview
Learning task 9.1
Social and community networks
Social support
Relationship between social support and health
Social capital
Box 9.1 Different types of social capital
Measuring social capital
Learning task 9.2
Relationship between social capital and health
Learning task 9.3. Example of a connected community?
Settings for social and community networks
The family
Box 9.2 The importance of family ties for health. The Jigsaw Visitors’ Centre at HMP Leeds
Faith-based organizations
Box 9.3 Examples of social capital and faith-based organizations. Disaster Recovery
HIV/AIDS Prevention
Development
Implications for policy and practice
Social and community networks
Learning task 9.4. Communities and social capital
Case study 9. Asset-based community development in Northumberland
Summary
Questions
Further reading
10 The Physical Environment and its Influence upon Health. Key learning outcomes
Overview
Learning task 10.1. The physical environment and health
What is this all about?
Physical environment (living and working conditions)
Agriculture and food production
Learning task 10.2. Food scares and health
Water and sanitation
Learning task 10.3. Community-led total sanitation (CLTS)
Housing
The working environment
Learning task 10.4. The influence of the working environment upon health
Unemployment
Education
Health-care services
What does this mean?
How is this relevant?
Case study 10. Rural Ghana: the impact of the physical environment on health
Summary
Questions
Further reading
11 Policy Influences upon Health. Key learning outcomes
Overview
What is social policy?
Learning task 11.1. The UK media and policy influence
Social policy as a determinant of health
Learning task 11.2. Making health policy work
Current policy issues
Box 11.1 Challenges for the English NHS
Box 11.2 Rationing health care – the role of NICE in the UK
The British Welfare State
Box 11.3 Important debates in the provision of welfare
Ideological and political values
Learning task 11.3. Ideological beliefs
Health services as a determinant of health
Health in all policies
The broader policy environment
Learning task 11.4. Policy sectors and health implications
The importance of fiscal policy
Box 11.4 UK Fiscal Policy – Austerity and health outcomes
Social policy and health studies
Case study 11. Policy approaches to reducing inequalities
Summary
Questions
Further reading
12 The Global Context of Health. Key learning outcomes
Overview
Why is global health important?
Box 12.1 Defining global health
Learning task 12.1. Global health challenges
How does the global context influence health? Globalization
Box 12.2 Globalization and health
Migration
Learning task 12.2. Investigating the impact of health professional migration
Box 12.3 Overview of health tourism
Trade
Box 12.4 Examples of unethical trade practices
The environment
Learning task 12.3. Globalization, the environment and health
Inequalities
Box 12.5 Inequalities in global health
Financing and health care
Health governance and policy
Learning task 12.4. Were the Millennium Development Goals a success?
Why is all of this important?
Case study 12. Action on the global social determinants of health
Summary
Questions
Further reading
13 Synthesizing Perspectives: Case Studies for Action. Key learning outcomes
Overview
Case study 13. Malaria
Strategies to tackle malaria
Case study 14. Cervical cancer
Strategies to tackle cervical cancer
Learning task 13.1. Using Dahlgren and Whitehead as an analytical tool
Case study 15. Neighbourhoods
Strategies to improve neighbourhood health
Learning task 13.2. Strategies for tackling health problems
Case study 16. COVID-19
Strategies to tackle COVID-19
The determinants of health ‘rainbow’
Learning task 13.3. Evaluating Dahlgren and Whitehead’s rainbow model
Key strengths of the rainbow model
How the rainbow model might be improved
Learning task 13.4. Building on the rainbow model of health
Summary
Glossary
References and suggested reading
Index. A
B
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D
E
F
G
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J
K
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P
Q
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