Social DNA

Оглавление

M. Kay Martin. Social DNA

SOCIAL DNA

Contents

Illustrations

Preface

Introduction. SOME GIVENS

Genes, Epigenesis, and Social DNA

Chronologies, Crania, and Traditions

Water Drives Ecology

Ecology Drives Social Forms

False Prototypes

Aggress or Coalesce?

Science and Storytelling

Humans as Chameleons

1. PERSPECTIVES ON ANISOGAMY

Size Matters

Perception of Conception

Reproductive Roles and Social Origins Theory

Exploitation and Parasitism

Complementarity and Cooperation

2. FIRST FAMILIES

Framing the Primeval Family

Plio-Pleistocene Paleoenvironment

Natures and Reproductive Strategies of the Sexes

Pair Bonding, Paternity, and Provisioning

Analogs and Avatars

Ancestral Male Kin Group Hypotheses

Primeval Environment and Subsistence

Sexuality, Mating, and Fitness

Philopatry and Social Structure

Primate Avatars and Analogs

Shortcomings of Androcentric Models

Pliocene Ecology Revisited

Gender Stereotyping and Fitness

Philopatry and Human Trait Complexes

Selective Prototypes

Ecology and Female Choice

Female Foraging and the Matricentric Family

Cooperative Breeding and Eusociality

Anisogamy and Inclusive Fitness Revisited

Multilevel Selection Revisited

Solving Galton’s Problem

3. PALEOECOLOGY AND EMERGENCE OF GENUS HOMO

Romance of the Hunt

Climate Change, Water, and Ecology

Don’t Go Near the Water

Semi-Aquatic Habitats, Resources, and Dietary Lipids

An Alternative Plio-Pleistocene Scenario

Female Subsistence Strategies

Female Reproductive Strategies

Encephalization and Energetics

4. PALEOLITHIC DINNER PAIRINGS. Red or White?

The Two Faces of Carnivory

The Question of Dietary Breadth

Labor Division, Productivity, and Complexity

Toward More Inclusive Models

5. SIGNATURE HOMININ TRAITS

Opportunistic Omnivory

Spatiotemporal Roadmapping

Polygynandrous Mating

Behavioral Plasticity

Encephalization and Intelligence

Pleistocene Material Remains

Neocortex Size and the Social Brain

Mosaic Brain Evolution

Social Demography

Energetics and Labor Division

6. KINSHIP AND PALEOLITHIC LEGENDS

Universal Evolutionary Stages

Kinship Theory and Politics

Innate Male Dominance

The Human Biogram

Pan-Genesis Theory

Genomic Imprinting, Kinship, and Inclusive Fitness

Conclusion

7. KINSHIP AS SOCIAL TECHNOLOGY

The Essence of Kinship

Conditions Favoring Matrilineal Organization

Subsistence and Labor Contributions

Warfare, Migration, and Matrilocality

Demographics, Resources, and Labor Supply

The Matrilineal Puzzle

The Vanishing Matrilineal Niche

Conditions Favoring Patrilineal Organization

Kinship and Subsistence Dominance

Demographics, Resources, and Fitness

Scarcity, Wealth, and Productivity

Conditions Favoring Bilateral Organization

Bilaterality as Primeval

Bilaterality as Devolved Uniliny

Kinship in Evolutionary Perspective

Epilogue

Endnotes. Introduction. Some Givens

Chapter 1. Perspectives on Anisogamy

Chapter 2. First Families

Chapter 3. Paleoecology and Emergence of Genus Homo

Chapter 4. Paleolithic Dinner Pairings: Red or White?

Chapter 5. Signature Hominin Traits

Chapter 6. Kinship and Paleolithic Legends

Chapter 7. Kinship as Social Technology

Bibliography

Index

Отрывок из книги

SOCIAL DNA

M. Kay Martin

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A major criticism of the one-species theory lies in the degree of diversity observed in the accumulating hominin fossil record. A wide variety of hominins appear to have lived contemporaneously throughout the Pleistocene, alternating periods of migration and inbreeding with periods of relative isolation and genetic bottlenecks. Paleontologists disagree on where to draw species boundaries among disparate lineages of ancient hominins, but are increasingly reticent to view the course of human evolution as a linear progression of forms—as a single main line flanked by a number of side branches or dead ends. Rather, our evolutionary pathway may more closely approximate a braided stream, the various branches of which periodically diverged, crossed over, and reconnected throughout the Pleistocene.

Boaz and Ciochon (2004: 166) have suggested that it may be more appropriate to replace the concept of gene pool with gene sea, across which genes flowed subject to the currents, waves, and eddies created by climate change and natural selection. Adaptive changes have taken place gradually among closely related populations, creating clinal gradients over time and space. Homo sapiens is now, and has always been, a polytypic species. The recent sequencing of Neanderthal and modern human DNA lends credence to the notion of ancient gene exchange and of population replacement through hybridization. Resources and opportunities permitting, Pleistocene hominins made love, not war. The braided stream model of gene flow and speciation will be favored in this book.

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