Оглавление
Malcolm J. Crocker. Engineering Acoustics
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Illustrations
Guide
Pages
Wiley Series in Acoustics, Noise and Vibration
Engineering Acoustics. Noise and Vibration Control
Series Preface
Preface
Acknowledgements
1 Introduction. 1.1 Introduction
1.2 Types of Noise and Vibration Signals
1.2.1 Stationary Signals
1.2.2 Nonstationary Signals
1.3 Frequency Analysis
1.3.1 Fourier Series
Example 1.1
Solution
1.3.2 Nonperiodic Functions and the Fourier Spectrum
1.3.3 Random Noise
Example 1.2
Solution
Example 1.3
Solution
1.3.4 Mean Square Values
Example 1.4
Solution
1.3.5 Energy and Power Spectral Densities
1.4 Frequency Analysis Using Filters
Example 1.5
Solution
1.5 Fast Fourier Transform Analysis
References
2 Vibration of Simple and Continuous Systems. 2.1 Introduction
2.2 Simple Harmonic Motion
2.2.1 Period, Frequency, and Phase
2.2.2 Velocity and Acceleration
Example 2.1
Solution
2.3 Vibrating Systems. 2.3.1 Mass–Spring System
Example 2.2
Solution
Example 2.3
Solution
Example 2.4
Solution
2.4 Multi‐Degree of Freedom Systems
2.4.1 Free Vibration – Undamped
Example 2.5
Solution
2.4.2 Forced Vibration – Undamped
Example 2.6
Solution
Example
Solution
2.4.3 Effect of Damping
Example
Example 2.9
Solution
2.5 Continuous Systems
2.5.1 Vibration of Beams
Example 2.10
Solution
Example 2.11
Solution
2.5.2 Vibration of Thin Plates
Example 2.12
Solution
Example 2.13
References
3 Sound Generation and Propagation. 3.1 Introduction
3.2 Wave Motion
3.3 Plane Sound Waves
Example 3.1
Solution
3.3.1 Sound Pressure
3.3.2 Particle Velocity
3.3.3 Impedance and Sound Intensity
3.3.4 Energy Density
3.3.5 Sound Power
3.4 Decibels and Levels
3.4.1 Sound Pressure Level
3.4.2 Sound Power Level
3.4.3 Sound Intensity Level
3.4.4 Combination of Decibels
Example 3.2
Solution
Example 3.3
Solution
Example 3.4
Example 3.5
Example 3.6
Solution
3.5 Three‐dimensional Wave Equation
3.6 Sources of Sound
3.6.1 Sound Intensity
3.7 Sound Power of Sources. 3.7.1 Sound Power of Idealized Sound Sources
Example 3.7
Solution
Example 3.8
Solution
Example 3.9
Solution
3.8 Sound Sources Above a Rigid Hard Surface
Example 3.10
Solution
3.9 Directivity
3.9.1 Directivity Factor (Q(θ, ϕ))
3.9.2 Directivity Index
Example 3.11
Solution
3.10 Line Sources
3.11 Reflection, Refraction, Scattering, and Diffraction
Example 3.12
Solution
3.12 Ray Acoustics
3.13 Energy Acoustics
3.14 Near Field, Far Field, Direct Field, and Reverberant Field
3.14.1 Reverberation
3.14.2 Sound Absorption
3.14.3 Reverberation Time
Example 3.13
Solution
Example 3.14
Solution
3.15 Room Equation
3.15.1 Critical Distance
3.15.2 Noise Reduction
3.16 Sound Radiation From Idealized Structures
Example 3.15
Solution
3.17 Standing Waves
Example 3.16
Solution
3.18 Waveguides
3.19 Other Approaches. 3.19.1 Acoustical Lumped Elements
3.19.2 Numerical Approaches: Finite Elements and Boundary Elements
3.19.3 Acoustic Modeling Using Equivalent Circuits
References
4 Human Hearing, Speech and Psychoacoustics. 4.1 Introduction
4.2 Construction of Ear and Its Working
4.2.1 Construction of the Ear
4.2.2 Working of the Ear Mechanism
4.2.3 Theories of Hearing
4.3 Subjective Response
4.3.1 Hearing Envelope
4.3.2 Loudness Measurement
Example 4.1
Example 4.2
Solution
Example 4.3
Solution
4.3.3 Masking
4.3.4 Pitch
Example 4.4
Solution
4.3.5 Weighted Sound Pressure Levels
Example 4.5
Solution
4.3.6 Critical Bands
4.3.7 Frequency (Bark)
Example 4.6
Solution
4.3.8 Zwicker Loudness
4.3.9 Loudness Adaptation
4.3.10 Empirical Loudness Meter
4.4 Hearing Loss and Diseases (Disorders)
4.4.1 Conduction Hearing Loss
4.4.2 Sensory‐Neural Hearing Loss
4.4.3 Presbycusis
4.5 Speech Production
References
5 Effects of Noise, Vibration, and Shock on People. 5.1 Introduction
5.2 Sleep Disturbance
5.3 Annoyance
5.4 Cardiovascular Effects
5.5 Cognitive Impairment
5.6 Infrasound, Low‐Frequency Noise, and Ultrasound
5.7 Intense Noise and Hearing Loss
5.7.1 Theories for Noise‐Induced Hearing Loss
5.7.2 Impulsive and Impact Noise
5.8 Occupational Noise Regulations
5.8.1 Daily Noise Dose and Time‐Weighted Average Calculation
Example 5.1
Solution
Example 5.2
Solution
Example 5.3
Solution
Example 5.4
Solution
5.9 Hearing Protection. 5.9.1 Hearing Protectors
Example 5.5
Solution
5.9.2 Hearing Conservation Programs
Example 5.6
Solution
5.10 Effects of Vibration on People
5.11 Metrics to Evaluate Effects of Vibration and Shock on People. 5.11.1 Acceleration Frequency Weightings
5.11.2 Whole‐Body Vibration Dose Value
Example 5.7
Solution
Example 5.8
Solution
Example 5.9
Solution
5.11.3 Evaluation of Hand‐Transmitted Vibration
Example 5.10
Solution
Example 5.11
Solution
References
6 Description, Criteria, and Procedures Used to Determine Human Response to Noise and Vibration. 6.1 Introduction
6.2 Loudness and Annoyance
6.3 Loudness and Loudness Level
6.4 Noisiness and Perceived Noise Level. 6.4.1 Noisiness
Example 6.1
Solution
6.4.2 Effective Perceived Noise Level
6.5 Articulation Index and Speech Intelligibility Index
6.6 Speech Interference Level
Example 6.2
Solution
6.7 Indoor Noise Criteria
6.7.1 NC Curves
Example 6.3
Solution
6.7.2 NR Curves
6.7.3 RC Curves
6.7.4 Balanced NC Curves
Example 6.4
6.8 Equivalent Continuous SPL
Example 6.4
Solution
6.9 Sound Exposure Level
Example 6.6
Solution
Example 6.7
Solution
6.10 Day–Night Equivalent SPL
Example 6.8
Solution
Example 6.9
Solution
6.11 Percentile SPLs
6.12 Evaluation of Aircraft Noise
6.12.1 Composite Noise Rating
6.12.2 Noise Exposure Forecast
6.12.3 Noise and Number Index
6.12.4 Equivalent A‐Weighted SPL Leq, Day–Night Level Ldn, and Day–Evening–Night Level Lden
6.13 Evaluation of Traffic Noise
6.13.1 Traffic Noise Index
6.13.2 Noise Pollution Level
6.13.3 Equivalent SPL
6.14 Evaluation of Community Noise
Example 6.10
Solution
6.15 Human Response
6.15.1 Sleep Interference
6.15.2 Annoyance
Example 6.11
Solution
Example 6.12
Solution
6.16 Noise Criteria and Noise Regulations
6.16.1 Noise Criteria
6.17 Human Vibration Criteria
6.17.1 Human Comfort in Buildings
Example 6.13
Solution
6.17.2 Effect of Vibration on Buildings
References
7 Noise and Vibration Transducers, Signal Processing, Analysis, and Measurements. 7.1 Introduction
7.2 Typical Measurement Systems
7.3 Transducers
7.3.1 Transducer Characteristics
7.3.2 Sensitivity
Example 7.1
Solution
Example 7.2
Solution
Example 7.3
Solution
7.3.3 Dynamic Range
7.3.4 Frequency Response
7.4 Noise Measurements
7.4.1 Types of Microphones for Noise Measurements
7.4.2 Directivity
7.4.3 Transducer Calibration
7.5 Vibration Measurements
7.5.1 Principle of Seismic Mass Transducers
Example 7.4
Solution
Example 7.5
Solution
Example 7.6
Solution
7.5.2 Piezoelectric Accelerometers
Example 7.7
Solution
7.5.3 Measurement Difficulties
Example 7.8
Solution
7.5.4 Calibration, Metrology, and Traceability of Shock and Vibration Transducers
7.6 Signal Analysis, Data Processing, and Specialized Noise and Vibration Measurements. 7.6.1 Signal Analysis and Data Processing
7.6.2 Sound Level Meters (SLMs) and Dosimeters
7.6.3 Sound Power and Sound Intensity
7.6.4 Modal Analysis
7.6.5 Condition Monitoring
7.6.6 Advanced Noise and Vibration Analysis and Measurement Techniques
References
8 Sound Intensity, Measurements and Determination of Sound Power, Noise Source Identification, and Transmission Loss. 8.1 Introduction
8.2 Historical Developments in the Measurement of Sound Pressure and Sound Intensity
8.3 Theoretical Background
8.4 Characteristics of Sound Fields
8.4.1 Active and Reactive Intensity
8.4.2 Plane Progressive Waves
8.4.3 Standing Waves
8.4.4 Vibrating Piston in a Tube
8.5 Active and Reactive Sound Fields
8.5.1 The Monopole Source
Example 8.1
Solution
Example 8.2
Solution
8.5.2 The Dipole Source
8.5.3 General Case
8.6 Measurement of Sound Intensity
8.6.1 The p–p Method
Example 8.3
Solution
Example 8.4
Solution
Example 8.5
Solution
8.6.2 The p–u Method
Example 8.6
Solution
8.6.3 The Surface Intensity Method
8.7 Applications
8.7.1 Sound Power Determination
Example 8.7
Solution
Example 8.8
Solution
8.7.2 Noise Source Identification
8.7.3 Noise Source Identification on a Diesel Engine Using Sound Intensity
8.7.4 Measurements of the Transmission Loss of Structures Using Sound Intensity
8.8 Comparison Between Sound Power Measurements Using Sound Intensity and Sound Pressure Methods
8.8.1 Sound Intensity Method
8.8.2 Sound Pressure Method
8.9 Standards for Sound Intensity Measurements
References
9 Principles of Noise and Vibration Control. 9.1 Introduction
9.2 Systematic Approach to Noise Problems
9.2.1 Noise and Vibration Source Identification
9.2.2 Noise Reduction Techniques
9.3 Use of Vibration Isolators
9.3.1 Theory of Vibration Isolation
Example 9.1
Solution
Example 9.2
Solution
9.3.2 Machine Vibration
9.3.3 Use of Inertia Blocks
9.3.4 Other Considerations
Example 9.3
Solution
9.4 Use of Damping Materials
9.4.1 Unconstrained Damping Layer
9.4.2 Constrained Damping Layer
9.5 Use of Sound Absorption
9.5.1 Sound Absorption Coefficient
9.5.2 Noise Reduction Coefficient
Example 9.4
Solution
9.5.3 Absorption by Porous Fibrous Materials
9.5.4 Panel or Membrane Absorbers
9.5.5 Helmholtz Resonator Absorbers
Example 9.5
Solution
9.5.6 Perforated Panel Absorbers
Example 9.6
Solution
9.5.7 Slit Absorbers
Example 9.7
Solution
9.5.8 Suspended Absorbers
9.5.9 Acoustical Spray‐on Materials
9.5.10 Acoustical Plaster
9.5.11 Measurement of Sound Absorption Coefficients
9.5.12 Optimization of the Reverberation Time
Example 9.8
Solution
9.5.13 Reduction of the Sound Pressure Level in Reverberant Fields
Example 9.9
Solution
9.6 Acoustical Enclosures
9.6.1 Reverberant Sound Field Model for Enclosures
9.6.2 Machine Enclosure in Free Field
9.6.3 Simple Enclosure Design Assuming Diffuse Reverberant Sound Fields
Example 9.10
Solution
Example 9.11
Solution
Example 9.12
Solution
9.6.4 Close‐Fitting Enclosures
9.6.5 Partial Enclosures
9.6.6 Other Considerations
9.7 Use of Barriers
9.7.1 Transmission Loss of Barriers
9.7.2 Use of Barriers Indoors
Example 9.13
Solution
9.7.3 Reflections from the Ground
9.7.4 Use of Barriers Outdoors
Example 9.14
Solution
Example 9.15
Solution
9.8 Active Noise and Vibration Control
References
10 Mufflers and Silencers – Absorbent and Reactive Types. 10.1 Introduction
10.2 Muffler Classification
10.3 Definitions of Muffler Performance
10.4 Reactive Mufflers
10.5 Historical Development of Reactive Muffler Theories
10.6 Classical Reactive Muffler Theory. 10.6.1 Transmission Line Theory
10.6.2 TL of Resonators
Example 10.1
Solution
Example 10.2
Solution
Example 10.3
Solution
Example 10.4
Solution
Example 10.5
Solution
Example 10.6
Solution
10.6.3 NACA 1192 Study on Reactive Muffler TL
10.6.4 Transfer Matrix Theory
10.7 Exhaust System Modeling
10.7.1 Transmission Loss
10.7.2 Insertion Loss
10.7.3 Sound Pressure Radiated from Tailpipe
10.8 Tail Pipe Radiation Impedance, Source Impedance and Source Strength. 10.8.1 Tail Pipe Radiation
10.8.2 Internal Combustion Engine Impedance and Source Strength
10.9 Numerical Modeling of Muffler Acoustical Performance. 10.9.1 Finite Element Analysis
10.9.2 Boundary Element Analysis
10.9.3 TL of Concentric Tube Resonators
10.10 Reactive Muffler IL
10.11 Measurements of Source Impedance
10.12 Dissipative Mufflers and Lined Ducts
10.13 Historical Development of Dissipative Mufflers and Lined Duct Theories
10.14 Parallel‐Baffle Mufflers
10.14.1 Embleton's Method [8]
10.14.2 Ver's Method [11, 12, 136]
10.14.3 Ingard's Method [149]
10.14.4 Bies and Hansen Method [14]
10.14.5 Mechel's Design Curves [152]
10.14.6 Ramakrishnan and Watson Curves [151]
Example 10.7
Solution
10.14.7 Finite Element Approach for Attenuation of Parallel‐Baffle Mufflers
References
11. Noise and Vibration Control of Machines. 11.1 Introduction
11.2 Machine Element Noise and Vibration Sources and Control. 11.2.1 Gears
Example 11.1
Solution
Example 11.2
Solution
11.2.2 Bearings
Example 11.3
Solution
11.2.3 Fans and Blowers
Example 11.4
Solution
Example 11.5
Solution
11.2.4 Metal Cutting
11.2.5 Woodworking
11.3 Built‐up Machines. 11.3.1 Internal Combustion Engines
11.3.2 Electric Motors and Electrical Equipment
Example 11.6
Solution
Example 11.7
Solution
11.3.3 Compressors
Example 11.8
Solution
Example 11.9
Solution
11.3.4 Pumps
Example 11.10
Solution
11.4 Noise Due to Fluid Flow. 11.4.1 Valve‐Induced Noise
Example 11.11
Solution
Example 11.12
Solution
11.4.2 Hydraulic System Noise
11.4.3 Furnace and Burner Noise
11.5 Noise Control of Industrial Production Machinery
11.5.1 Machine Tool Noise, Vibration, and Chatter
11.5.2 Sound Power Level for Industrial Machinery
References
12 Noise and Vibration Control in Buildings. 12.1 Introduction
12.2 Sound Transmission Theory for Single Panels
12.2.1 Mass‐Law Transmission Loss
Example 12.1
Solution
12.2.2 Random Incidence Transmission Loss
Example 12.2
Solution
Example 12.3
Solution
12.2.3 The Coincidence Effect
Example 12.4
Solution
12.3 Sound Transmission for Double and Multiple Panels
12.3.1 Sound Transmission Through Infinite Double Panels
12.3.2 London's Theory
Example
Solution
12.3.3 Empirical Approach
Example
Solution
Example 12.7
Solution
12.4 Sound and Vibration Transmission and Structural Response Using Statistical Energy Analysis (SEA) 12.4.1 Introduction
12.4.2 SEA Fundamentals and Assumptions
Example 12.8
Solution
Example 12.9
Solution
Example 12.10
Solution
Example 12.11
Solution
Example 12.12
Solution
12.4.3 Power Flow Between Coupled Systems
12.4.4 Modal Behavior of Panel
12.4.5 Use of SEA to Predict Sound Transmission Through Panels or Partitions
12.4.6 Design of Enclosures Using SEA
12.4.7 Optimization of Enclosure Attenuation
12.4.8 SEA Computer Codes
12.5 Transmission Through Composite Walls
Example 12.13
Solution
Example 12.14
Solution
Example 12.15
Solution
12.6 Effects of Leaks and Flanking Transmission
Example 12.16
Solution
12.7 Sound Transmission Measurement Techniques
12.7.1 Laboratory Methods of Measuring Transmission Loss
Example
Solution
12.7.2 Measurements of Transmission Loss in the Field
Example 12.18
Solution
12.8 Single‐Number Ratings for Partitions
Example 12.19
Solution
Example 12.20
Solution
12.9 Impact Sound Transmission
12.9.1 Laboratory and Field Measurements of Impact Transmission
Example 12.21
Solution
12.9.1.1 Rating of Impact Sound Transmission
Example 12.22
Solution
12.9.2 Measured Airborne and Impact Sound Transmission (Insulation) Data
12.9.2.1 Gypsum Board Walls
12.9.2.2 Masonry Walls
12.9.2.3 Airborne and Impact Insulation of Floors
12.9.2.4 Doors and Windows
12.9.3 Sound Insulation Requirements
Example 12.23
Solution
Example 12.24
Solution
12.9.4 Control of Vibration of Buildings Caused by Strong Wind
12.9.4.1 Wind Excitation of Buildings
12.9.4.2 Structural Vibration Response of Buildings and Towers
12.9.4.3 Methods of Building Structure Vibration Reduction and Control
12.9.4.4 Human Response to Vibration and Acceptability Criteria
References
13 Design of Air‐conditioning Systems for Noise and Vibration Control. 13.1 Introduction
13.2 Interior Noise Level Design Criteria
13.3 General Features of a Ventilation System
13.3.1 HVAC Systems in Residential Homes
13.3.2 HVAC Systems in Large Buildings
13.3.3 Correct and Incorrect Installation of HVAC Systems
13.3.4 Sources of Noise and Causes of Complaints in HVAC Systems
13.4 Fan Noise
13.4.1 Types of Fans Used in HVAC Systems
13.4.2 Blade passing Frequency (BPF)
Example 13.1
Solution
13.4.3 Fan Efficiency
13.4.4 Sound Power and Frequency Content of Fans
Example 13.2
Solution
13.4.5 Sound Power Levels of Fans and Predictions
13.4.6 Prediction of Fan Sound Power Level
Example 13.3
Solution
13.4.7 Importance of Proper Installation of Centrifugal Fans
13.4.8 Terminal Units (CAV, VAV, and Fan‐Powered VAV Boxes)
13.5 Space Planning
13.6 Mechanical Room Noise and Vibration Control
13.6.1 Use of Floating Floors
Example 13.4
Solution
13.6.2 Vibration Control of Equipment
13.6.3 Selection of Vibration Isolators
Example 13.5
Solution
Example 13.6
Solution
13.6.4 Vibration Isolation of Ducts, Pipes, and Wiring
Example 13.7
Solution
Example 13.8
Solution
13.7 Sound Attenuation in Ventilation Systems
13.7.1 Use of Fiberglass in Plenum Chambers, Mufflers, and HVAC Ducts
13.7.2 Attenuation of Plenum Chambers
Example 13.9
Solution
13.7.3 Duct Attenuation
Example 13.10
Solution
Example 13.11
Solution
Example 13.12
Solution
13.7.4 Sound Attenuators (Silencers)
13.7.5 Branches and Power Splits
13.7.6 Attenuation Due to End Reflection
Example 13.13
Solution
13.7.7 Attenuation by Mitre Bends
13.8 Sound Generation in Mechanical Systems
13.8.1 Elbow Noise
13.8.2 Take‐off Noise
13.8.3 Grille Noise
13.8.4 Diffuser Noise
13.8.5 Damper Noise
13.9 Radiated Noise
13.9.1 Duct‐Radiated Noise
13.9.2 Sound Breakout and Breakin From Ducts
Example 13.14
Solution
13.9.3 Mixing Box Radiated Noise
13.9.4 Radiation From Fan Plenum Walls
13.9.5 Overall Sound Pressure Level Prediction
Example 13.15
Solution
References
14 Surface Transportation Noise and Vibration Sources and Control. 14.1 Introduction
14.2 Automobile and Truck Noise Sources and Control
14.2.1 Power Plant Noise and Its Control
Example 14.1
Solution
Example 14.2
Solution
14.2.2 Intake and Exhaust Noise and Muffler Design
14.2.3 Tire/Road Noise Sources and Control
14.2.4 Aerodynamic Noise Sources on Vehicles
14.2.5 Gearbox Noise and Vibration
14.2.6 Brake Noise Prediction and Control
14.3 Interior Road Vehicle Cabin Noise. 14.3.1 Automobiles and Trucks
14.3.2 Off‐Road Vehicles
14.4 Railroad and Rapid Transit Vehicle Noise and Vibration Sources. 14.4.1 Wheel–Rail Interaction Noise
14.4.2 Interior Rail Vehicle Cabin Noise
Example 14.3
Solution
14.5 Noise And Vibration Control in Ships
Example 14.4
Solution
References
15 Aircraft and Airport Transportation Noise Sources and Control. 15.1 Introduction
15.2 Jet Engine Noise Sources and Control
15.3 Propeller and Rotor Noise Sources and Control
15.4 Helicopter and Rotor Noise
15.5 Aircraft Cabin Noise and Vibration and Its Control. 15.5.1 Passive Noise and Vibration Control
15.5.2 Active Noise and Vibration Control
15.6 Airport Noise Control
15.6.1 Noise Control at the Source
15.6.2 Airport‐specific Noise Control Measures
Example 15.1
Solution
Example 15.2
Solution
References
16 Community Noise and Vibration Sources. 16.1 Introduction
16.2 Assessment of Community Noise Annoyance
Example 16.1
Solution
16.3 Community Noise and Vibration Sources and Control. 16.3.1 Traffic Noise Sources
16.3.2 Rail System Noise Sources
16.3.3 Ground‐Borne Vibration Transmission from Road and Rail Systems
16.3.4 Aircraft and Airport Noise Prediction and Control
16.3.5 Off‐road Vehicle and Construction Equipment Exterior Noise Prediction and Control
16.3.6 Industrial and Commercial Noise in the Community
16.3.7 Construction and Building Site Noise
16.4 Environmental Impact Assessment
16.5 Environmental Noise and Vibration Attenuation. 16.5.1 Attenuation Provided by Barriers, Earth Berms, Buildings, and Vegetation
16.5.2 Base Isolation of Buildings for Control of Ground‐Borne Vibration
16.5.3 Noise Control Using Porous Road Surfaces
16.6 City Planning for Noise and Vibration Reduction and Soundscape Concepts. 16.6.1 Community Noise Ordinances
Example 16.2
Solution
16.6.2 Recommendations for Urban Projects
16.6.3 Strategic Noise Maps
16.6.4 Soundscapes
References
Glossary. References
Glossary
Index
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