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Malcolm L. Hunter Jr.. Fundamentals of Conservation Biology
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Illustrations
Guide
Pages
Fundamentals of Conservation Biology
List of Case Studies
Preface
Acknowledgments
About the Companion Website
PART I. Biodiversity and Its Importance
CHAPTER 1 Conservation and Conservation Biology. What Is Conservation?
A Brief History of Conservation
Preservation
Environmentalism
Ecology
An Overview of Conservation Ethics
What Is Conservation Biology?
A Brief History of Conservation Biology
CASE STUDY 1.1 Return of the Tortoises to Española Island1
Coda
Summary
FURTHER READING
TOPICS FOR DISCUSSION
CHAPTER 2 What Is Biodiversity?
Species, Genes, and Ecosystems
Structure and Function
Measuring Biodiversity
The Mismeasure of Biodiversity
Biodiversity and Spatial Scales
CASE STUDY 2.1 Clear Lake
Biodiversity Verbs
The Related Concepts of “Integrity” and “Sustainability”
Summary
FURTHER READING
TOPICS FOR DISCUSSION
CHAPTER 3 Species Diversity
What Is a Species?
How Many Species Are There?
The Intrinsic Value of Species and Their Conservation Status
BOX 3.1 Categories of the IUCN Red List
Extinct (EX)
Extinct in the Wild (EW)
Critically Endangered (CR)
Endangered (EN)
Vulnerable (VU)
Near Threatened (NT)
Least Concern (LC)
Data Deficient (DD)
Not Evaluated (NE)
BOX 3.2 Quantitative criteria for assessing threatened status
The Instrumental Values of Species
Economic Values. Food
Medicine
Clothing, Shelter, Tools, and Trinkets
Fuel
Recreation
Services
Spiritual Values
Scientific and Educational Values
Ecological Values
Strategic Values
Realized Values and Potential Values
The Uniqueness Value of Species
CASE STUDY 3.1 The Neem Tree
Summary
FURTHER READING
TOPICS FOR DISCUSSION
CHAPTER 4 Ecosystem Diversity
What Is an Ecosystem?
Classifying Ecosystems
The Values of Ecosystems
Intrinsic Value
Instrumental Values
Economic Values
Spiritual Values
Scientific and Educational Values
Ecological Values
Strategic Values
Uniqueness Values
Ecosystem Diversity and Species Diversity
Diversity and Stability
The Species Richness of Ecosystems
An Important Postscript
Ecosystems and Landscapes
CASE STUDY 4.1 Mangrove Swamps
Summary
FURTHER READING
TOPICS FOR DISCUSSION
CHAPTER 5 Genetic Diversity
What Is Genetic Diversity?
Measuring Genetic Diversity
Polymorphism
Genotypic Diversity
Heterozygosity
Quantitative Variation
The Importance of Genetic Diversity
Evolutionary Potential
Loss of Fitness
Utilitarian Values
Postscript
Processes That Diminish Genetic Diversity
Bottlenecks and Drift
Effective Population Size
Inbreeding
An Important Caveat
Cultural Diversity
BOX 5.1 The role of genetics in conservation biology
Population Estimation
Landscape Genetics
Defining Units of Conservation
Hybridization
“Genes that Matter”
Phylogenetic Prioritization
Trade
Diagnosing Disease
Environmental DNA
Genetic Engineering
CASE STUDY 5.1 Galápagos Giant Tortoises
Summary
FURTHER READING
TOPICS FOR DISCUSSION
PART II. Threats to Biodiversity
CHAPTER 6 Mass Extinctions and Global Change
Extinction Episodes of the Past
CASE STUDY 6.1 The Cretaceous–Tertiary Extinctions
CASE STUDY 6.2 The Permian Extinctions
Recoveries from Past Extinctions
Estimating the Current Rate of Extinction
The Recent History of Global Climate Change
Response of Organisms to Global Climate Change
Prospects for Future Climate Change
Can Organisms Adapt to a Changing Climate?
BOX 6.1 Phenology mismatch, climate change, and biodiversity
How Did We Get to this Point? What Is the Way Ahead?
BOX 6.2 Elements of global change
Summary
FURTHER READING
TOPICS FOR DISCUSSION
CHAPTER 7 Extinction Processes
Why Are Some Species More Vulnerable to Extinction than Others?
Why Are Some Species Rarer Than Others?
Why are Rare Species Usually More Vulnerable to Extinction than Common Species?
Why Are Some Species Particularly Sensitive to Human‐Induced Threats?
Populations
Patchy Distributions and Metapopulations
Population Viability Analysis
BOX 7.1 Population Viability Analyses
Implementation of PVAs
Further Considerations
CASE STUDY 7.1 The Eastern Barred Bandicoot
Summary
FURTHER READING
TOPICS FOR DISCUSSION
CHAPTER 8 Ecosystem Degradation and Loss
BOX 8.1 Mapping changes in the human footprint
Contamination
Air Pollution
Water Pollution
Pesticides
Roads, Dams, and Other Structures
Roads
Dams
Other Barriers
Trash and Other Things
Earth, Fire, Water
Soil Erosion
Fire Regimes
Water Use
Deforestation
Causes of Deforestation
Consequences of Deforestation
CASE STUDY 8.1 Oil Palm Plantations
Desertification
Causes of Desertification
Consequences of Desertification
Draining, Dredging, Damming, Etc
Consequences for Wetland Biota
Consequences for River Biota
Fragmentation
BOX 8.2 Island biogeography theory
Fragment Size and Isolation
Causes of Fragmentation
Consequences of Fragmentation
CASE STUDY 8.2 Madagascar1
Summary
FURTHER READING
TOPICS FOR DISCUSSION
CHAPTER 9 Overexploitation
The Long History of Overexploitation
Types of Exploitation. Commercial Exploitation
Subsistence Exploitation
Recreational Exploitation
Incidental Exploitation
Indirect Exploitation
Consequences of Overexploitation
Population Effects
Age
Sex
Genetic Structure
Ecosystem Effects
Some Final Perspectives on Exploitation
CASE STUDY 9.1 The Gulf of Maine: A Laboratory for Overexploitation
Summary
FURTHER READING
TOPICS FOR DISCUSSION
CHAPTER 10 Invasive Exotics
How Do Species Move? Stowaways
Subsistence and Commerce
Recreation
Whimsy or Aesthetics
Science
Biological Control
Habitat Change
Impacts of Invasive Exotics
Predators and Grazers
Parasites and Pathogens
Competitors
Hybridization
Ecosystem Effects
Success Rates
Irony
CASE STUDY 10.1 Exotics in New Zealand1
CASE STUDY 10.2 Invasive Lionfish1
Summary
FURTHER READING
TOPICS FOR DISCUSSION
PART III. Maintaining Biodiversity
CHAPTER 11 Protecting Ecosystems
Reserve Selection
Centers of Species Diversity
Ecosystems and Environmental Surrogates
Filling the Gaps
How Many to Select
Logistical Issues
Reserve Design
Reserve Size
BOX 11.1 Single large reserve or several small1
Landscape Context
Connectivity
Reserve Management
Managing Humans
Natural Disturbances
Water Regimes
Invasive Exotics and Overabundant Natives
What is Natural?
Policy Issues
CASE STUDY 11.1 Implementing Gap Analyses: A Case Study in Vietnam
Summary
FURTHER READING
TOPICS FOR DISCUSSION
CHAPTER 12 Sustaining Ecosystems
Forestry
Age Structure
Spatial Patterns
Species Composition
CASE STUDY 12.1 Forests of the Pacific Northwest1
Livestock Grazing
Native Grazers
Natural Grazing Patterns
Natural Disturbance Regimes
Predators and Competitors
Range Management Techniques
Fisheries
Ecological Management
BOX 12.1 A triad approach to land‐use allocation1
Restoring Ecosystems
Some Terminology for Improving Degraded Ecosystems
Six Basic Steps for Restoring an Ecosystem
A Cautionary Note
CASE STUDY 12.2 Penobscot River Restoration
Summary
FURTHER READING
TOPICS FOR DISCUSSION
CHAPTER 13 Managing Populations
Providing Resources
Food Energy Plus Nutrients
Water
Physical Environments
Interactions
Controlling Threats
Overexploitation
Indirect Threats by Humans
Consumers
Predators
Grazers
Parasites and Pathogens
Competitors
Direct Manipulations
Translocations
Artificial Breeding
Cross‐fostering and Double‐clutching
Head‐starting
Hatcheries
Maintaining Genetic Diversity
CASE STUDY 13.1 The Black Robin
Epilogue
CASE STUDY 13.2 Resurrection of the Lord Howe Island Phasmid
Summary
FURTHER READING
TOPICS FOR DISCUSSION
CHAPTER 14 Conservation near People
Cultivated Ecosystems
BOX 14.1 Transylvanian wood pastures: Sentinels of ecological and social change
Biodiversity in Cultivated Ecosystems
Minimizing the Negative Effects on Other Ecosystems
Some Economic Perspectives
Built Ecosystems
Habitat for People
Biodiversity in Built Ecosystems
Imports and Exports
How to Do It
Zoos and Gardens
Roles
Building Arks
Studbooks and Pedigrees
Storing Biodiversity
Microbes:
Animals:
Plants:
Genetic Material:
TheEx Situ–In SituInterface
The Controversial Side ofEx SituConservation
SupportingIn SituConservation
Conservation of Domesticated Species
BOX 14.2 Agriculture and biodiversity: A shared diversity crisis
Summary
FURTHER READING
TOPICS FOR DISCUSSION
PART IV. The Human Factors
CHAPTER 15 Social Factors
Values Differ. Cultures and Religions
Urban–Rural
Women–Men
Indigenous–Displaced
Additional Perspectives
Describing Values
Values Change
Changing People's Values
The Biggest Change: Anthropocentrism versus Biocentrism
Coda
CASE STUDY 15.1 The Bahama Parrot
Summary
FURTHER READING
TOPICS FOR DISCUSSION
CHAPTER 16 Economics
The Benefits
Goods
Services
Potential Values
Existence Values
Consumptive versus Nonconsumptive Uses
The Costs
Explicit Costs
Implicit Costs
The Distribution of Benefits and Costs
h3. Goods
Services
Potential Values
Existence Values
Explicit Costs
Implicit Costs
Problems and Solutions
Problem 1
BOX 16.1 Tragedy of the commons
Solutions
Problem 2
Solutions
BOX 16.2 Debt‐for‐nature swaps
Problem 3
Solutions
Problem 4
Solutions
CASE STUDY 16.1 Ecosystem Services as a Tool for Conservation Decision‐making in Coastal Belize
Summary
FURTHER READING
TOPICS FOR DISCUSSION
CHAPTER 17 Politics and Action
Setting Priorities for Action
Levels of Biodiversity
Geographic Scales
Choosing Areas
Choosing Species
Choosing Nations
Choosing Tasks
BOX 17.1 Successfully implementing conservation projects
The Highest Priority of All
Rights and Responsibilities
International Agencies
BOX 17.2 International agencies
BOX 17.3 Environmental treaties that pertain to biodiversity conservation
BOX 17.4 Global Environmental Facility (GEF)
Governments
Nongovernmental Organizations
Corporations
Communities
Individuals
Summary
FURTHER READING
TOPICS FOR DISCUSSION
Epilogue
Glossary. A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
K
L
M
N
O
P
R
S
T
U
V
W
Literature Cited
Species Index
Subject Index
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