The New Latin America

The New Latin America
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Latin America has experienced a profound transformation in the first two decades of the 21st century: it has been fully incorporated into the global economy, while excluding regions and populations devalued by the logic of capitalism. Technological modernization has gone hand-in-hand with the reshaping of old identities and the emergence of new ones. <br /><br />The transformation of Latin America has been shaped by social movements and political conflicts. The neoliberal model that dominated the first stage of the transformation induced widespread inequality and poverty, and triggered social explosions that led to its own collapse. A new model, neo-developmentalism, emerged from these crises as national populist movements were elected to government in several countries. The more the state intervened in the economy, the more it became vulnerable to corruption, until the rampant criminal economy came to penetrate state institutions. Upper middle classes defending their privileges and citizens indignant because of corruption of the political elites revolted against the new regimes, undermining the model of neo-developmentalism. In the midst of political disaffection and public despair, new social movements, women, youth, indigenous people, workers, peasants, opened up avenues of hope against the background of darkness invading the continent. <br /><br />This book, written by two leading scholars of Latin America, provides a comprehensive and up-do-date account of the new Latin America that is in the process of taking shape today. It will be an indispensable text for students and scholars in Latin American Studies, sociology, politics and media and communication studies, and anyone interested in Latin America today.

Оглавление

Manuel Castells. The New Latin America

Contents

List of Illustrations

List of Tables

Guide

Pages

The New Latin America

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

PREFACE TO THE ENGLISH EDITION

INTRODUCTION: THE NEW LATIN AMERICA

1 THE GLOBALIZATION OF LATIN AMERICA From the Crisis of Neoliberalism to the Crisis of Neo-developmentalism

Socioeconomic Changes

The Rise and Fall of Neoliberalism

Social Resistance and Political Change as Sources of Neo-Developmentalism

Charismatic Leaders, State, and Society

The Neo-Developmentalist Model and the New Globalization: China and the Global South

The Crisis of Neo-Developmentalism

Notes

2 A NEW SYSTEM OF PRODUCTION Informational Extractivism and the Globalization of Markets

Informational Extractivism

Territories

Three Cases: Lithium in Jujuy, Soy in Carlos Casares in the Humid Pampa in Buenos Aires Province, and Unconventional Hydrocarbons in the Vaca Muerta

The Environmental Limits of Informational Extractivism

Notes

3 THE GLOBAL CRIMINAL ECONOMY

The Structure of the Criminal Economy

Transformations in the Criminal Economy

Drugs, Culture, and Society

Why Have Drugs Played Such a Prominent Role in Latin America?

Coca, Identity, and Social Movements

The Criminal Economy and Latin American Societies

Notes

4 HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, URBANIZATION, AND INHUMAN DEVELOPMENT. Human Development in Latin America

Metropolitanization and Inhuman Development

Notes

5 A NETWORK SOCIETY Individualization, Techno-Sociability, and the Culture of Diaspora

The Emergence of Hegemonic Individualism and Consumption: The Centrality of New Media as Vectors of Cultural Construction

The “Culture of Techno-Sociability”: A Culture Centered on Individual Autonomy and as the Nucleus of an Emergent Youth Culture

New Life Experiences

Open Identities

Ethicopolitical Demands that Seek to Confront Insecurity and Strengthen Autonomy

A Dual Logic of Participation

A New Grammar for Social Conflicts

Migrations and the Culture of Diaspora

General Tendencies

The Labor Market, Feminization, and Informality

Migration and Information and Communications Technologies

The Culture of Diaspora

Notes

6 PATRIARCHY IN QUESTION. Changes in the Family and the Crisis of Patriarchy

a. Smaller Households

b. Socio-spatial Differences

c. Incomes

d. Increases in Single-Person Households

e. Female Heads of Household

f. Complex Families

g. Individualization and Differentiation

h. Violence against Women

7 THE CRISIS OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH AND THE NEW RELIGIOSITY

Notes

8 THE POWER OF IDENTITY Multiculturalism and Social Movements

The Force of Cultural Diversity: Indigenous and Afro-Brazilian Movements

Zapatismo2.0

The Intercultural Peasants of Chapare

The Mapuche Movement

The Afro-Brazilian Movement

People of African Descent

The Emergence and Dynamics of Afro-Brazilian Movements8

Conclusions

Notes

9 DIGITAL COMMUNICATION AND THE NEW PUBLIC SPACE. Introduction

What Is a Public Sphere?: Transformations in the Information Age

New Forms of Communication: The Dynamics of Consumption, the Frustration of Expectations, the Generation of Techno-Sociability, and the Power of Media

The Politics of Media

Social Networks and the Construction of Political Power

Charisma, Communication, and the Web

Some Tendencies in the Reconfiguration of Public Space

The State and the Shaping of a New Public Space

A Novel Challenge: Public Space and Democracy

Notes

10 CONFLICTS AND SOCIAL MOVEMENTS

The Dynamics of Social Conflicts

Conflicts over Social Reproduction

Institutional Conflicts

Cultural Conflicts

Youth Protest2

Women’s Demands and Agency

Environmental Protests

Some Examples in the Andes

Notes

11 STATE CORRUPTION

Determinants of State Corruption

A Typology of Political Corruption

Neoliberalism, Neo-developmentalism, and the Politics of Corruption

Corruption as a Structural Factor

Narcosand the State

The Revolutionary State and Corruption

Can a StateNotBe Corrupt?

Conclusion: The Consequences of State Corruption

12 IN THE KAMANCHAKA

IN PLACE OF A CONCLUSION: THE COLOR OF HOPE

ABOUT THE AUTHORS

REFERENCES. Introduction

Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

FIGURE SOURCES

INDEX

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

W

X

Y

Z

POLITY END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT

Отрывок из книги

Fernando Calderón and Manuel Castells

Translated by Ramsey McGlazer

.....

Thus, Latin America laid the political foundations for a strategy of development organized by the state, based on the extraction of natural resources for export and the creation of productive infrastructures that would generate funds for the sort of public social spending that could improve living conditions for the population. Statism, productivism, and social welfare were expanded in a process of combined interaction that lent support to neo-populist movements and parties on the left and gave rise to a twenty-first century version of left politics. The success of this strategy, however, depended in large part on charismatic leaders and on the favorable new conditions of the world economy. In this way, a system of corporate patronage and domination was established that would later undergo a general crisis.

The idea of a return to the people, defined as the subject of history and identified with the nation and the state, was fundamental for the construction of the neo-developmentalist strategies that arose in new global and regional contexts. The state and the charismatic leader combine in the popular imagination, becoming fundamental referents for policies that seek both social integration and development, as well as for confrontations with traditional powers and national conservative elites. At the same time, there was widespread and realistic political resistance to negotiations and agreements with transnational corporations and neoliberal states, especially developed countries and China.

.....

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