Оглавление
Mark F. Sonnenschein. Polyurethanes
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Illustrations
Guide
Pages
WILEY SERIES ON POLYMER ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY Richard F. Grossman and Domasius Nwabunma, Series Editors
POLYURETHANES. Science, Technology, Markets, and Trends
PREFACE
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
1 INTRODUCTION
REFERENCES
2 POLYURETHANE BUILDING BLOCKS
2.1 POLYOLS
2.1.1 Polyethers. 2.1.1.1 Building Blocks
2.1.1.2 Polymerization of Alkoxides to Polyethers
2.1.2 Polyester Polyols
2.1.2.1 Polyester Polyol Building Blocks
2.1.2.2 Preparation of Polyester Polyols
2.1.2.3 Aliphatic Polyester Polyols
2.1.2.4 Aromatic Polyester Polyols
2.1.3 Other Polyols. 2.1.3.1 Polycarbonate Polyols
Preparation of Polycarbonate Polyols
2.1.3.2 Polyacrylate Polyols
Preparation of Acrylic Polyols
2.1.4 Filled Polyols
2.1.4.1 Copolymer Polyols
2.1.4.2 PHD Polyols
2.1.4.3 PIPA Polyols
2.1.5 Seed Oil‐Derived Polyols
2.1.5.1 Preparation of Seed Oil‐Derived Polyols. Epoxidation and Ring Opening
Ozonolysis
Hydroformylation and Reduction
Metathesis
2.1.6 Prepolymers
2.2 ISOCYANATES
2.2.1 TDI
2.2.1.1 Conventional Production of TDI
2.2.1.2 Nonphosgene Routes to TDI
Thermolysis of Carbamic Acid,N,N′‐(4‐Methyl‐1,3‐Phenylene)Bis‐,C,C′‐Dimethyl Ester made from the Reaction of Toluene Diamine with Methyl Carbonate
Thermolysis of Carbamic Acid,N,N′‐(4‐Methyl‐1,3‐Phenylene)Bis‐,C,C′‐Dimethyl Ester made from the Reductive Carbonylation of Dinitrotoluene
Isocyanates by Thermal Decomposition of Acyl Azides: The Curtius Rearrangement
2.2.2 Diphenylmethane Diisocyanates (MDI)
2.2.2.1 Production of MDI
2.2.3 Aliphatic Isocyanates
2.2.3.1 Production of Aliphatic Isocyanates. Hexamethylene Diisocyanate (HDI)
Isophorone Diisocyanate (IPDI)
4,4′‐Diisocyanatodicyclohexylmethane (H12MDI)
2.2.3.2 Use of Aliphatic Isocyanates
2.3 CHAIN EXTENDERS
REFERENCES
3 INTRODUCTION TO POLYURETHANE CHEMISTRY. 3.1 INTRODUCTION
3.2 MECHANISM AND CATALYSIS OF URETHANE FORMATION
3.3 REACTIONS OF ISOCYANATES WITH ACTIVE HYDROGEN COMPOUNDS
3.3.1 Urea Formation
3.3.2 Allophanate Formation
3.3.3 Formation of Biurets
3.3.4 Formation of Uretdione (Isocyanate Dimer)
3.3.5 Formation of Carbodiimide
3.3.6 Formation of Uretonimine
3.3.7 Formation of Amides
REFERENCES
4 THEORETICAL CONCEPTS AND TECHNIQUES IN POLYURETHANE SCIENCE
4.1 FORMATION OF POLYURETHANE STRUCTURE
4.2 PROPERTIES OF POLYURETHANES
4.2.1 Models and Calculations for Polymer Modulus
4.2.2 Models for Elastomer Stress–Strain Properties
Factors that Affect Polyurethane Stress–Strain Behavior
Calculating Foam Properties
4.2.3 The Polyurethane Glass Transition Temperature
REFERENCES
5 ANALYTICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF POLYURETHANES
5.1 ANALYSIS OF REAGENTS FOR MAKING POLYURETHANES. 5.1.1 Analysis of Polyols
5.1.1.1 Hydroxyl Number
5.1.1.2 CPR
5.1.2 Analysis of Isocyanates
5.1.2.1 Analysis of pMDI Composition
5.2 INSTRUMENTAL ANALYSIS OF POLYURETHANES
5.2.1 Microscopy
5.2.1.1 Optical Microscopy
5.2.1.2 SEM
5.2.1.3 TEM
5.2.1.4 AFM
5.2.2 IR Spectrometry
5.2.3 X‐Ray Analyses
5.2.3.1 Wide‐Angle X‐Ray Scattering
5.2.3.2 SAXS
5.3 MECHANICAL ANALYSIS
5.3.1 Tensile, Tear, and Elongation Testing
5.3.2 DMA
5.4 NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY
5.5 FOAM SCREENING: FOAMAT®
REFERENCES
6 POLYURETHANE FLEXIBLE FOAMS: CHEMISTRY AND FABRICATION
6.1 MAKING POLYURETHANE FOAMS
6.1.1 Slabstock Foams
6.1.2 Molded Foams
6.2 FOAM PROCESSES
6.2.1 Surfactancy and Catalysis. 6.2.1.1 Catalysis
6.2.1.2 Surfactancy
6.3 FLEXIBLE FOAM FORMULATION AND STRUCTURE–PROPERTY RELATIONSHIPS. 6.3.1 Screening Tests
6.3.2 Foam Formulation and Structure–Property Relationships
REFERENCES
7 POLYURETHANE FLEXIBLE FOAMS: MANUFACTURE, APPLICATIONS, MARKETS, AND TRENDS
7.1 APPLICATIONS
7.1.1 Furniture
7.1.2 Mattresses and Bedding
7.1.3 Transportation
7.1.4 The Molded Foam Market
7.2 TRENDS IN MOLDED FOAM TECHNOLOGY AND MARKETS
REFERENCES
Notes
8 POLYURETHANE RIGID FOAMS: MANUFACTURE, APPLICATIONS, MARKETS, AND TRENDS
8.1 REGIONAL MARKET DYNAMICS
8.2 APPLICATIONS
8.2.1 Construction Foams
8.2.1.1Polyisocyanurate Foams
8.2.1.2 Spray, Poured, and Froth Foams
Spray Foams
Froth Foams
PIP Foams
8.2.2 Rigid Construction Foam Market Segments
8.2.3 Appliance Foams
8.3 BLOWING AGENTS AND INSULATION FUNDAMENTALS. 8.3.1 Blowing Agents
8.3.2 Blowing Agent Phase‐Out Schedule
8.4 INSULATION FUNDAMENTALS
8.5 TRENDS IN RIGID FOAMS TECHNOLOGY
REFERENCES
9 POLYURETHANE ELASTOMERS: MANUFACTURE, APPLICATIONS, MARKETS, AND TRENDS
9.1 REGIONAL MARKET DYNAMICS
9.2 APPLICATIONS
9.2.1 Footwear
9.2.1.1 Trends in Footwear Applications
9.2.2 Nonfootwear Elastomer Applications and Methods of Manufacture
9.2.2.1 Cast Elastomers
9.2.2.2 Thermoplastic Polyurethanes
9.2.2.3 RIM Elastomers
9.2.2.4 Polyurethane Elastomer Fibers
9.3 TRENDS IN POLYURETHANE ELASTOMERS
REFERENCES
10 POLYURETHANE ADHESIVES AND COATINGS: MANUFACTURE, APPLICATIONS, MARKETS, AND TRENDS. 10.1 ADHESIVES AND COATINGS INDUSTRIES: SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES
10.2 ADHESIVES
10.2.1 Adhesive Formulations. 10.2.1.1 Solvent‐Borne Adhesives
10.2.1.2 Hot‐Melt Adhesives. Nonreactive Hot‐Melt Adhesives
Reactive Hot‐Melt Adhesives
10.2.1.3 Water‐Borne Polyurethane Adhesives
10.3 TRENDS IN POLYURETHANE ADHESIVES
10.4 COATINGS
10.4.1 Polyurethane Coating Formulations
10.4.1.1 Two‐Part Solvent‐Borne Coating
10.4.1.2 Water‐Borne Coatings
10.4.1.3 Water‐Borne Hybrids
10.4.1.4 Ultraviolet‐Cured Water‐Borne Dispersions for Coatings
10.4.1.5 Polyurethane Powder Coatings
10.4.2 Trends in Polyurethane Coatings
REFERENCES
11 SPECIAL TOPIC: MEDICAL USES OF POLYURETHANE
11.1 MARKETS AND PARTICIPANTS
11.2 TECHNOLOGY. 11.2.1 Catheters
11.2.2 Wound Dressings
11.2.3 Bioabsorbable Polyurethanes
11.2.4 Hydrogels
11.2.5 Gloves and Condoms
11.3 FUTURE TRENDS
REFERENCES
12 SPECIAL TOPIC: NONISOCYANATE ROUTES TO POLYURETHANES. 12.1 GOVERNMENTAL REGULATION OF ISOCYANATES
12.2 NONISOCYANATE ROUTES TO POLYURETHANES
12.2.1 Reactions of Polycyclic Carbonates with Polyamines
12.2.2 Direct Transformations of Amines to Urethanes
12.2.3 Reactions of Polycarbamates
12.2.4 Conversion of Hydroxamic Acids to Polyurethane
12.2.5 Conversion of Hydroxylamines to Polyurethanes
REFERENCES
13 POLYURETHANE HYBRID POLYMERS. 13.1 INTRODUCTION
13.2 POLYURETHANE–ACRYLATE HYBRIDS
13.3 URETHANE–EPOXY HYBRIDS
13.4 URETHANE–SILICONE HYBRIDS. 13.4.1 Silicone‐Modified Prepolymers
13.4.2 Urethane–Silicone Hybrids Produced Using Diblock Compatibilizers
13.4.3 Hybrids Employing Covalent and Hydrogen‐Bonded Cross‐Links
13.4.4 Polyurethane Hybridization with Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquixanes
13.5 POLYURETHANE–POLYOLEFIN HYBRIDS
13.6 HYBRIDIZATION VIA TRANSURETHANIFICATION
REFERENCES
14 RECYCLING OF POLYURETHANES. 14.1 INTRODUCTION
14.2 GLYCOLYSIS, HYDROLYSIS, AMINOLYSIS, AND ACIDOLYSIS
14.3 PYROLYSIS
14.4 RECYCLE FOR FUEL VALUE
14.5 REGRINDING AND INCORPORATION
REFERENCES
INDEX
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