In the Midst of Plenty

In the Midst of Plenty
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Foreword by Nan Roman, President and CEO of the National Alliance to End Homelessness This book explains how to end the U.S. homelessness crisis by bringing together the best scholarship on the subject and sharing solutions that both local communities and national policy-makers can apply now In the Midst of Plenty shifts our understanding of the phenomenon of homelessness away from issues of individual disability and embeds it in larger contexts of poverty, income inequality, housing affordability, and social exclusion. Homelessness experts Shinn and Khadduri provide guidance on how to end homelessness for people who experience it and how to prevent so many people from reaching the point where they have no alternative to sleeping on the street or in emergency shelters. The book is organized around four questions: Who becomes homeless? Why do people become homeless? How do we end homelessness? How do we prevent it? Based on a comprehensive look at relevant research, the authors show that we know how to end homelessness—if we devote the necessary resources to doing so. In the Midst of Plenty: Homelessness and What to Do About It is an excellent resource for professionals and decision-makers in the homeless services system, as well as for anyone who is interested in helping to end homelessness. It also can be used as a text in undergraduate or masters courses in public policy, sociology, psychology, social work, urban studies, or housing policy. “ The knowledgeable and thoughtful authors of this book—two brilliant women who know as much as anyone in the country about the nature of homelessness and its solutions — have done a great service by taking us on a journey through the history of homelessness, how our responses have changed, and how we can end it.” Nan Roman, President and CEO National Alliance to End Homelessness. “Shinn and Khadduri’s new book is a thorough yet concise examination of what we know about the nature and causes of homelessness, and the crucial lessons learned. This critically important work provides a roadmap to restoring basic housing and income security as viable policy options, in the face of our daunting inequality divide that otherwise threatens millions with destitution and homelessness .” Dennis Culhane, Dana and Andrew Stone Professor of Social Policy, University of Pennsylvania “Marybeth Shinn and Jill Khadduri have combined their significant expertise to create an essential guide about the history of modern homelessness and to offer a clear path forward to end this American tragedy. Their policy recommendations on ending homelessness are culled from the best about what we know works.” Barbara Poppe, Executive Director US Interagency Council on Homeless, 2009-2014.

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Marybeth Shinn. In the Midst of Plenty

Table of Contents

List of Illustrations

Guide

Pages

Contemporary Social Issues

In the Midst of Plenty. Homelessness and What to Do About It

Foreword

Acknowledgments

Introduction

1 Who Becomes Homeless?

Where People Sleep: Definitions of Homelessness

Data Sources

Groups of People Who Experience Literal Homelessness

Families with Children

Adults on Their Own

People with Chronic Patterns of Homelessness

Youth

Veterans

Age, Race, and Gender

Changes Over Time

Total Numbers Over a Day, a Year, or a Lifetime

The Importance of Time Frames

Challenges Faced by People Experiencing Homelessness

Summary

Notes

2 What Causes Homelessness?

Homelessness, Poverty, and Inequality in an International Context

Increasing “Deep Poverty” in the United States

Family Poverty and Antipoverty Programs

Poverty for Childless Adults and Antipoverty Programs

Income Volatility

Wealth

Poverty, Housing, and Homelessness

Evidence from Time Trends

Evidence from Locations where Homelessness is more Prevalent

Evidence from Housing Policies

Cultural Attitudes, Social Welfare Policy, and Social Exclusion

Racism, Social Exclusion, and Homelessness

Income

Wealth

Housing

Incarceration

Mental Illnesses and Other Disabilities

Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity

Other Individual Risk Factors for Homelessness

Social Isolation

Domestic Violence

Bad Luck

Summary

Notes

3 Ending Homelessness for People Who Experience It

Long‐Term Rental Subsidies for Families

Perverse Incentives

Psychosocial Services

Subsidies Plus Voluntary Services for High Needs Individuals

Pathways to Housing

At Home/Chez Soi

Other Approaches for High‐Needs Individuals

Summary

Notes

4 Comprehensive Efforts to End Homelessness

The Homeless Services System

Emergency Shelters

Transitional Housing

Time‐Limited Subsidies: Rapid Re‐Housing

Permanent Supportive Housing

Making the System Work to End Homelessness

Making the System More Efficient and Effective

Focused Efforts to End Chronic Homelessness

Nashville and Los Angeles

Reducing Homelessness for Veterans

The Finnish Model

Summary

Notes

5 Preventing Homelessness for People at Risk

Evaluating Prevention for People at High Risk: Efficiency and Effectiveness

Efficient Allocation of Prevention Services

Evaluating Effectiveness

Programs with Solid Evidence of Effectiveness. Permanent Deep Housing Subsidies

Eviction Prevention: Cash Assistance

Community‐Based Services: New York City's HomeBase

Critical Time Intervention (CTI) for People Discharged from Psychiatric Hospitals

Programs with Suggestive Evidence of Effectiveness. Universal Screening for Veterans

Housing Subsidies with Supportive Services for People with Mental Illnesses

Shallow, Permanent Subsidies

Eviction Prevention: Legal Representation in Housing Courts

Eviction Prevention: Landlord–Tenant Mediation

Programs That Might Be Effective

Extended Resources for Youth Leaving Foster Care

Help for People Reentering the Community from Jails and Prisons

VA‐Like Screening for Other Populations at Risk

Flexible Cash Grants to Low‐Income Households

Bringing Resources to High‐Risk Neighborhoods

Integrating Homelessness and Antipoverty Service Systems

Prevention Programs and Cost Benefit Analyses

Progressive Engagement

Summary

Notes

6 Changing Societal Conditions that Generate Homelessness

Housing

Expanding Housing Vouchers

Less Expensive Housing Subsidies for Poor Renters

Deeper Targeting of Rent Subsidies

Temporary Rent Subsidies

Rent Subsidies Through the Tax System

Housing Subsidies for Particularly Vulnerable Groups

Building Housing for Poor Renters

Incomes

Supporting Work and Earnings

Broad‐Based Transfer Programs

Income Support for Families

Child Care

Income Support for People with Disabilities

Counteracting Income Volatility—Overcoming Bad Luck

Countering Social Exclusion

Tradeoffs and Combinations for Making Housing Affordable

Summary

Finding the Political Will to End Homelessness

Notes

References

Index

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“Shinn and Khadduri’s new book is a thorough yet concise examination of what we know about the nature and causes of homelessness, and the crucial lessons learned. This critically important work provides a roadmap to restoring basic housing and income security as viable policy options, in the face of our daunting inequality divide that otherwise threatens millions with destitution and homelessness.”

Dennis Culhane, Dana and Andrew Stone Professor of Social Policy, University of Pennsylvania

.....

Among the unaccompanied young people (sheltered and unsheltered), only 11% were children under the age of 18 (4,000 compared to 107,000 children experiencing homelessness in the company of adults (Henry, Mahathey, et al., 2018, pp. 1–3). Overwhelmingly, minor children who experience the literal homelessness reported by HUD do so as part of families.

However, researchers who focus on adolescent homelessness describe the way in which unaccompanied youth experience homelessness as different in kind from that of older adults or of children who are part of families. Instead of sleeping outdoors or going to shelters, young people who have run away or been thrown out by their families often “couch surf” with friends or are in makeshift and, all too often unsafe or exploitative arrangements (Family and Youth Services Bureau, n.d.; Morton, Dworsky, & Samuels, 2017).

.....

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