The Early Caliphate

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Maulana Muhammad Ali. The Early Caliphate

Book Review

Abu Bakr. Early Life

Conversion to Islam and services

He is persecuted

His daughter ‘A’ishah is married to the Prophet

Flight to Madinah

Services in Madinah

Part in warfare

Abu Bakr as Imam during the Prophet’s Last Illness

The Prophet’s demise, Rabi I, II A.H. (June 632 A.D.)

Abu Bakr’s Election as Caliph

Abu Bakr’s statesmanship

Abu Bakr’s address to the people

‘Ali and Abu Bakr

Abu Bakr was duly elected as Caliph

‘Usamah’s army dispatched to Syria 11 A.H. (632 A.D.)

False claimants to prophethood

Aswad ‘Ansi

Musailimah

Tulaihah

Sajah

The apostasy movement

Refusal to pay Zakat

The defence of Madinah

Rebel attack on Madinah repulsed

Despatch of expeditions to different quarters

Object of expeditions

Khalid defeats Tulaihah

Malik Ibn Nuwairah

Khalid defeats Musailimah

Bahrain rebellion crushed

‘Uman and Mahrah cleared of rebels

Yaman and Hadramaut restored

Conflict with the Roman Empire and Persia

Insurrection called for fortification of frontiers

Abu Bakr’s motives in sending expeditions to frontiers

The strength of the Caliphate as compared with the two Empires

Aggression on the enemy’s part

Trouble in Arabia was fomented by Persia and Rome

Muthanna’s Expedition, 12A.H. (633 A.D.)

Khalid reinforces Muthanna and assumes command

Hirah taken

Jizyah and charge of loot

Conquest of Anbar and ‘Ain Al-Tamr

Expedition on the Northern Frontier

The Battle of Ajnadain, 13A.H. (634 A.D.)

Abu Bakr’s illness and death, Jumada II, 13 A.H. (Aug. 634 A.D.)

Simplicity of his life

The collection of the Qur’an

The collection of Zakat

Government by counsel

Position of the ruler

Treatment of enemies

Strength of character

Appearance and character

‘UMAR. Early life

Conversion to Islam

The Flight

Help rendered to the cause of Islam

The Prophet’s death and after

‘Umar pursues the frontier policy of Abu Bakr

Objection against early Muslim conquests

The safety of Arabia was the sole motive of the Early Caliphate wars

Defeat enhanced Persia & Rome’s passion for revenge

A necessity of war

Islam, Jizyah or the sword

Significance of the alleged message

Persian force under Hurmuz, A.H. 13 (A.D. 634)

Muslim General’s appeal to Caliph

Hirah lost and regained. Battle at Namaraq

Battle of Jasr

Persia again defeated at Buwaib

Sa‘d appointed generalissimo A.H. 14 (A.D. 635)

Battle of Qadisiyah 14 A.H. (635 A.D.)

Sa‘d’s advance on Mada’in. The Western part evacuated by Persians. 15 A.H. (636 A.D.)

Fall of Mada’in, 16 A.H. (637 A.D.)

Persians’ advance on and defeat at Jalula A.H. 16 (A.D. 637)

Battle of Takrit 16 A.H. 637 A.D. Christian tribes embrace Islam. Mosul occupied

Basrah and Kufah founded, 17 A.H

Damascus conquered, 14 A.H. (635 A.D.)

Battle of Fihl

Battle of Hims

Battle of Yarmuk, A.H. 15 (A.D. 636)

Jerusalem capitulates, 15 A.H. (Jan. 637 A.D.)

Treaty of Jerusalem

Greek efforts to expel Muslims from Syria, 17 A.H. (638 A.D.)

Conquest of Jazirah

Removal of Khalid, 17 A.H

Plague of ‘Amwas, 17-18 A.H

Egypt invaded, 19 A.H. (640 A.D.)

Fall of Fustat, 19 A.H. (640 A.D.)

Fall of Alexandria, 20 A.H. (641 A.D.)

Library of Alexandria

The Suez Canal

Campaign in Khuzistan, 16-19 A.H. (637-641 A.D.)

Hurmuzan becomes a Muslim

Ban against advance on Persia withdrawn, (641 A.D.)

Battle of Nihawand and conquest of Persia, 22 A.H. (643A.DJ

Death of ‘Umar, 23 A.H. (644 A.D.)

Reasons underlying the great conquests of ‘Umar’s reign

Weakening of the Roman and Persian Empires

False charge of love of loot

Glorious deeds of Muslim soldiers

Muslims’sense of duty

Strength of character of the Muslim soldiers

Solidarity of Islam

Democratic spirit

Simple life and concern for the ruled

Treatment of non-Muslims

Condition of Women in the time of ‘Umar

Gradual abolition of slavery

Equality of man

Works of public good

Spreading of Islam and the knowledge of Qur’an

Soldier and administrator

A true successor of the Prophet

‘UTHMAN. Early Life

Conversion to Islam

Emigration to Abyssinia

Services rendered to the cause of Islam

‘Uthman’s part in warfare

Part played in earlier Caliphate

Elected Caliph

Revolt in Persia leads to extension of Empire

Roman attack on Syria and further conquests

Cyprus occupied

Roman invasion of Egypt and further conquests in Africa

Causes of the discontent in ‘Uthman’s Caliphate

Appointment and dismissal of governors

‘Uthman’s impartiality in the choice of Governors

Ibn Saba leads agitation against ‘Uthman

Agitation gains strength

Disaffection spreads among beduins

Deportation of Abu Dharr

Burning of unauthentic copies of Holy Qur’an

Mischief started

Enquiry into grievances

Governors’ conference

Seditionists gather at Madinah: Shawwal 35 A.H. (March 656)

Seditionists’entry into Madinah

The Caliph is maltreated and imprisoned in his house

Madinah Muslims were averse to shedding Muslim blood

Annual Pilgrimage

The Caliph is slain: 18 Dhu-l-Hijjah, 35A.H. (17 June 656)

‘Uthman sacrificed his life for the unity of Islam

Prophet’s great qualities mirrored forth in the first four Caliphs

‘Uthman took nothing from the Public Treasury

‘Uthman’s reign

Administration

Standardization of the Qur’an

Manners and morals

‘ALI. Early Life

Conversion to Islam and determination to help the cause

Flight to Madinah

Marriage with Fatimah

Martial exploits

As an envoy and preacher of Islam

At the Prophet’s death

Oath of allegiance to the Caliph

‘Ali becomes the Caliph

Dissensions within the house of Islam

Demand of retribution against ‘Uthman’s assassins

Appointment of new Governors

War preparations against Mu‘awiyah

‘A’ishah, Talhah and Zubair demand retribution for ‘Uthman’s assassins

Purity of their motives

‘A’ishah captures Basrah, Rabi’ll, 36 A.H. (Oct. 656 A.D.)

‘A’ishah was against fighting

‘Ali’s attack on Basrah and negotiations with Talhah and Zubair

Battle of Jamal, Jumada II, 36 A.H. (December, 656 A.D.)

Affectionate relations in warfare

Kufah as capital and calling Mu‘awiyah to submission

Relations between ‘Ali and Mu‘awiyah

Battle of Siffin, Dhul-Qa’dah, 36 A.H. (April 657 A.D.)

Desertion of ‘Ali’s troops

Thee arbitrators’ award, Sha‘ban, 37 A. H. (February, 658)

Battle against the Khawarij, Shawwal, 37 A.H. (March. 658)

The Khawarij cause further trouble

Mu‘awiyah captures Egypt. Safar, 38 A.H. (July, 658)

Later period of ‘Ali’s reign

‘Ali’s martyrdom, Ramadan 17, 40 A.H. (25th January, 661)

‘Ali’s reign

No better choice of Caliph could be made

‘Alis learning

‘Alis devotions

Отрывок из книги

Maulana Muhammad Ali

THE EARLY CALIPHATE

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December 1st, 2002

Al-Azhar Al-Sharif

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