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Contents
Preface
Introduction
Part I Praising the Great Soul
Chapter 1. Literary Patronage
Chapter 2. The Evolution of Noble Identity
Chapter 3. The Search for Royal Eloquence
How the Royal Odes Perform an Accessory Political Function
The Political Functions of Wonder and its Rhetorical Production
The Ciceronian Atticism of the Royal Odes
Part II The Sequence of Royal Odes
Chapter 4. The Return of Astraea
Chapter 5. The Trials of the King
1. Prière pour le Roi allant en Limousin (1605; 1607)
2. Ode sur l’attentat en la personne de sa majesté (1605;1606)
Chapter 6. Triumph and Death
1. Ode au feu Roi sur l’heureux succès du voyage de Sedan (1606; 1607)1
2. À Monseigneur le duc de Bellegarde (1608; 1609)
3. Sur la mort de Henri le Grand (1610; 1630)
Chapter 7. The Goddess of War and Peace
1. À la Reine sur les heureux succès de sa régence (1610; 1611)
2. À la Reine mère du roi pendant sa régence (1613; 1621)
3. Pour la Reine mère du roi pendant sa régence (unfinished 1613; 1630)
Chapter 8. The Prophecy Fulfilled
Conclusion
Bibliography. I. Primary Sources. A. Ancient Authors
B. Early Modern French Authors. 1. Poetry Anthologies
2. Orations and Rhetorical Treatises
3. Individual Poets
II. Secondary Sources. A. History of Eloquence
B. Early Modern French History and Culture
C. Literary Criticism
D. Critical Theory and Moral Philosophy
Index
absolutism
Achilles
admiration
Aeneas
Ages of Man
Alexander (the Great)
allegory
Amazon
Amphion
androgyne
Aphrodite
Argo
Apollonios Rhodios
Argonauts
eyes of Lynkeus
pilots Tiphys and Ankaios
Valerius Flaccus
Aristotle
De Anima
Nicomachean Ethics (NE)
Poetics
Politics
Rhetoric
Astraea
Athena
Augustine
Bellegarde, Roger de Saint-Lary de Termes, seigneur de
Biester, James
Bodin, Jean
body politic
Caesar
Campbell, Joseph
Castiglione
Castor and Pollux
character
characters of style
Cicero
Atticism
Brutus
De Oratore
Orator
Rhetorica ad Herennium
civic art
commonwealth
citizen
common good
common interest
general welfare
public good
Public Weal
the good
comparison
conceit
court (royal)
courtier
craft
technē
daemon
deliberative speaking
desacralization
Du Perron
Du Vair
Eden, Kathy
elocutio
eloquence
anti-Theophrastean
Ciceronian
deliberative
epideictic
Jesuit
judicial
royal
sacred
sacred oratory
sacred rhetorics
emotion
emphasis
encomium
encomiastic poetry
epic poetry
epideictic speaking
ethos
character
ēthos
eunoia (goodwill)
megalopsychos
portrait
example
figures of thought
allegory
ekphrasis
emphasis
hypotyposis
prosopopoeia
ratiocinatio
significatio
Fumaroli, Marc
Garver, Eugene
genera dicendi (kinds of speaking)
Golden Age
Golden Fleece
Grand Condé (also duke of Enghien)
greater good
great soul
happiness
felicity
Hellenistic rhetoric
Demetrius
Dionysius
Hermogenes
Longinus
Hercules
hero cycle
adventure
quest
quest cycle
quest epic
Holt, Mack P
honnête homme
Faret, Nicolas
honnêteté
Horace
Huguenots
image
eikōn
enargeia
energeia
imago
of the monarchy
of the nation
poetic-rhetorical
psychological
public image
imago
Iron Age
Jason
Jesus
judicial speaking
Jupiter
Kantorowicz, Ernst H
Keller, Marcus
La Rochelle
League
logos
Louis IX
Lynkeus or Tiphys
lyric poetry
Machiavelli
magnanimity
great soul
megalopsychos
Mars
Medea
megalopsychos
metaphor
Minerva
Portraits
monuments
mystical body (of the king)
mythology
mythological pattern
underlying myth of the sequence
nation
la patrie
myths and symbols of
national community
national consciousness
national myth, mythology
national sentiment
national unity
patria
Niobe
nobility
definition
great nobles
identity
of the robe
of the sword
Odysseus
Old Testament
Prophets
Psalms
Ovid
Metamorphoses
painting
la peinture spirituelle
Parlement
pathos
patrie
patriotism
patriotic devotion, loyalty
patriotic ethos
patriotic feeling, fervor, sentiment
patriotic ideal
patriotic subject
peinture
phronēsis
practical reason
practical wisdom
pistis, pisteis
logos, ēthos, pathos
political
political eloquence
political function
polity
aristocracy
monarchy
portrait
portraits of character
practical reason
practical wisdom
Prometheus
proof
analogy
artistic (pistis, pisteis, pl.)
ēthos
logos
pathos
pro rege et patria
Protestant
prowess
pulpit
quest cycle
quest epic
Quintilian
religious wars
royal court
Rubin, David Lee
Saint Louis (Louis IX)
salons
seignurial nobility
Seneca
Thyestes
ship of state
Shuger, Debora K
significatio
simile
stoicism
style
characters of
elocutio
grand
Hellenistic
middle, sweet, tempered
plain
Tacitus
political function of poetry
Theseus
Troy
Trojan War
universal audience
Venus
Virgil
virtue
beauty
courage
greatness of soul
intellectual
justice
moderation
War of the Giants
Wars of Religion
wonder
Yardeni, Myriam
Footnotes
Preface
Introduction
Chapter 1. Literary Patronage
Chapter 2. The Evolution of Noble Identity
Chapter 3. The Search for Royal Eloquence
How the Royal Odes Perform an Accessory Political Function
The Political Functions of Wonder and its Rhetorical Production
The Ciceronian Atticism of the Royal Odes
Part II The Sequence of Royal Odes
Chapter 4. The Return of Astraea
Chapter 5. The Trials of the King
1. Prière pour le Roi allant en Limousin (1605; 1607)
2. Ode sur l’attentat en la personne de sa majesté (1605;1606)
1. Ode au feu Roi sur l’heureux succès du voyage de Sedan (1606; 1607)
2. À Monseigneur le duc de Bellegarde (1608; 1609)
3. Sur la mort de Henri le Grand (1610; 1630)
Chapter 7. The Goddess of War and Peace
1. À la Reine sur les heureux succès de sa régence (1610; 1611)
2. À la Reine mère du roi pendant sa régence (1613; 1621)
3. Pour la Reine mère du roi pendant sa régence (unfinished 1613; 1630)
Chapter 8. The Prophecy Fulfilled
Conclusion
Michael Taormina
Amphion Orator
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The pillar of Malherbe’s patriotismpatriotism is magnanimitymagnanimity, the virtuevirtue for which the odes so highly praise the Bourbons. According to AristotleAristotle, magnanimitymagnanimity is the greatest of the virtuevirtues, implying the presence and perfection of all the others (NEAristotleNicomachean Ethics (NE) 4.3 1123b30-1124a). For the generations of Frenchmen born and raised in civil strife, the idea of virtuevirtue was key in the justification of power and privilege. Political elites wanted to believe that virtuevirtue entitled them to rule. But magnanimitymagnanimity was especially appropriate to the Bourbons because the new regime needed its subjects, both greater and lesser, to believe that Bourbon authority was deserved as well as legitimate. Malherbe consistently asserts that Henri IV and Louis XIII deserve to be king—and Marie de Médicis, to be regent—thanks to their extraordinary achievements, but most of all, because they have the right concern with honor, putting the general welfarecommonwealthgeneral welfare of the nationnation ahead of all else. On that basis, the odes un-self-consciously celebrate Henri IV and Louis XIII as quasi-divine heroes of superlative virtuevirtue (or in Marie de Médicis’ case, a great-souled goddess), anticipating the vogue for the idealized aspirations and superhuman individuals observed in theater and the heroic novel after 1630.22
But the odes do not just point to magnanimitymagnanimity and the other virtuevirtues. They also illustrate them, exemplifying what they assert. The odes assume, as does AristotleAristotle, that virtuevirtue is learned by the imitation of exampleexample, and similar to Montaigne’s “De l’institution des enfans” [On the Education of Children] (Essais 1.26), they presuppose that intimate acquaintance with exampleexamples of magnanimitymagnanimity, by exercising the reader’s judgment, inculcates the same virtuevirtue.23 If their praise of magnanimitymagnanimity aims to elicit, on behalf of the Bourbons, the admiration of the nationnation’s subjects, the royal odes also model the acts of loyalty, service, and emulation which they seek to inspire. As paradoxical as it might sound to anyone familiar with AristotleAristotle’s discussion of monarchypolitymonarchy in the PoliticsAristotlePolitics, it is the virtuevirtue of magnanimitymagnanimity in the royal odes that fosters the creation of a civic community under a monarch. Malherbe’s praise for the magnanimous monarch whose patriotismpatriotism is a model for his subjects evokes a monarchypolitymonarchy that mixes aristocratic and democratic elements in a manner that recalls the “harmonic justice” of the perfect politypolity that BodinBodin, Jean envisions in Les Six Livres de la République (1576). Such praise and inculcation of magnanimitymagnanimity are supposed to foster in French subjects the corresponding moral ethosethos, the kind of person defined by this all-important virtuevirtue. Modeled on the Bourbon commitment to the nationnation, this moral characterethoscharacter becomes the patriotic idealpatriotismpatriotic ideal for the greater and lesser subjects of the new national communitynationnational community. Aimed at the nobilitynobility and, indeed, offered to the whole nationnation, it is embodied and performed by the odes’ rational modes of argument, particularly exampleexample. By contrast, the sequence’s overarching myth and recurrent mythological motifs perform a different function, transporting these magnanimous subjects “beyond logical demonstration” to implicate them in a political adventurehero cycleadventure bigger than themselves.
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