Оглавление
Michael Murray. Health Psychology
Health Psychology
Contents
Author Biographies
Copyright Acknowledgements
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 5
Chapter 14
Chapter 15
Chapter 16
Chapter 17
Preface
The Biopsychosocial Model
Human Rights and the Responsibility to ‘Do No Harm’
Making the Best Use of This Book
Online resources
Student resources
Lecturer resources
Acknowledgements
Part 1 Health Psychology In The Context Of Biology, Society And Methodology
1 Health Psychology: An Introduction
What Do We Mean by ‘Health’?
Need Satisfaction, Happiness and Subjective Well-Being
Subjective Well-Being Homeostasis
The Nature of Health Psychology
Rationale and Role for Health Psychology
Measurement
A Framework for Health Psychology
2 The Nervous, Endocrine and Immune Systems and the Principle of Homeostasis
Biological Systems
The Nervous System. Neurones and microglial cells
Synapses and neurotransmission
Organization of the nervous system
The brain1
Neuromodulation
The Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems
Emotion, Reward, Punishment and Inhibition
Neuroplasticity, learning and memory
The Endocrine System
The circadian clock
Gender, sexual dimorphism and identity
Vitamin D and its deficiency
Microbiome research
The Immune System
Inflammation
Circadian rhythm of the immune system
Sleep and rest
Nutrition and diet
Psychoneuroimmunology
Homeostasis
Quack’s corner and the placebo effect
3 Genetics, Epigenetics and Early Life Development
Genetics and Heritability
The Human Genome
Heritability of human traits
Genetic counselling
Epigenetics and Intergenerational Transmission
Developmental plasticity and the Foetal Origins Hypothesis
Intergenerational Transmission, Social Epigenetics and Maternal Stress
Early Life Development
4 Macro-social Influences
Facts of Life and Death
Policy, Ideology and Discourse
Epidemiological Transition and Globalization
Population Growth
Increasing Life Expectancy
Poverty
Inequalities within a Country
Gender
Ethnicity
5 Social Justice
Social Inequalities and Health
Explanations for Social Inequalities in Health
Scientific Explanations
Social Justice
The Universal Right to Health
Background
The programme
Findings
Conclusion
Stigma
Lives Worth Living versus the Right to die
Reducing Inequalities
Social Capital
Community Mobilization and Power
Context
Method
Findings
Conclusion
6 Culture and Health
What is Culture?
Health Belief Systems
Western Health Belief Systems. Classical views of health
Christian ideas
Biomedicine
Non-Western Views of Health. Chinese views of health
Islamic views on medicine
Ayurvedic medicine
African health beliefs
Popular Views of Health
Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Herbal medicine
Homeopathy
Aromatherapy
Perspectives on CAM
Changing Cultures and Health
Indigenous health
Racism and health
Refugees and asylum seekers
Culturally Competent Health Care Systems
7 An A–Z of Research Methods and Issues Relevant to Health Psychology
Introduction
Action Research
Between Groups Designs
Bonferroni Correction
Case Studies
Confidence Interval
Conflicts of Interest
Cross-over or Within-participants Designs
Cross-sectional Designs
Diaries and Blogs
Direct Observation
Discourse Analysis
Double-blind Control
Effect Size
Ethical Approval
Ethnographic Methods
Focus Groups
Grounded Theory Analysis
Hierarchy of Evidence
Historical Analysis
Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis
Interventions
Interviews (Semi-structured)
Interviews (Structured)
Literature Search
Longitudinal Designs
Meta-analysis
Mixed Methods Research
Narrative Approach
Observational Studies
Participatory Action Research
Power and Power Analysis
Qualitative Research Methods
Questionnaires
Randomized Controlled Trials
Repeatability
Replication
Single case experimental designs
Surveys
Systematic Reviews
Taxonomy for Intervention Studies
Top-down versus Bottom-up Research Approaches
Transparency
Type I Error
Type II Error
Uncontrolled variable
Part 2 Theories, Models and Interventions for Health Behaviour Change
8 Theories, Models and Interventions for Health Behaviour Change
The Health Belief Model
Protection Motivation Theory
Theory of Reasoned Action and Theory of Planned Behaviour
The Common-Sense Model
The Information–Motivation–Behavioural Skills Model
The Transtheoretical or Stages of Change Model
The Social Cognitive Theory of Bandura
Observational learning
Self-efficacy
Attempts at Theoretical Integration
Intentions versus Behaviour and the ‘Intention–Behaviour Gap’
Behaviour Change Techniques
Behaviour Change Agents
Critique of Individual-level Theories and Models
Individualistic bias
Lack of ecological validity and questionable statistical methods
Self-report measures
Neglect of culture, religion and gender
Unfalsifiability
Unsupported assumptions
Procedural issues
Neglect of motivation
Other criticisms
Economics of health care
The Elephant in the Room: the Persistence of Error
Homeostasis Theory of Well-being
9 Sexual Health
The Scope of Sexual Health Psychology
Masculinity, the Penis and Erectile Dysfunction
The Clitoris, Orgasm and Anorgasmia
The Faking Orgasm Scale for Women
Female genital mutilation
Teenage Pregnancy
Unsafe Abortion
Preventing STIs: Knowledge, Awareness and Condom Use
Social Media, Pornography and Cybersex
Sexual Violence and Abuse
Children
Adults
LBGTQ Stigmatization
10 Food, Eating and Obesity
Definition and Prevalence
Causes of Obesity
Evolutionary hypothesis
Genetic pedisposition
The Energy Surfeit Theory
Inactivity
The insulin theory
Developmental hypothesis
Sleeping patterns
Food reward theory
The obesogenic environment
Foods that make us fat
Social influences: thin ideal, body dissatisfaction and stigmatization
Emotion, personality, body dissatisfaction and depression
Interventions. Dietary guidelines
Vegetarianism and veganism
Drug therapies and bariatric surgery
Behavioural interventions and the raising of false hopes
11 Alcohol and Drinking
The Blessing and Curse of Alcohol: Past and Present Attitudes
The Dangers and Possible Health Benefits of Drinking Alcohol
Liver cirrhosis and acute pancreatitis
Cancer
Drinking during pregnancy
Health benefits of drinking
The Effects of Alcohol and Causes of Alcohol Dependence
Genetic theories
Addiction, disease and dependence theories
Learning theories
Prevention and Treatment of Alcohol Problems. Prevention
Treatment
12 Tobacco and Smoking
Brief History of Tobacco and Smoking
Freedom and Choice
Prevalence and Distribution
Health Effects of Smoking
Effects on active smokers
Effects on passive smokers
Big Tobacco campaign of disinformation
‘Emerging markets’
Tobacco promotion to children and ‘Third World’
Theories of Smoking
Biological theory
Psychological theory
Social theory
Integrative Theory of Homeostasis
Smoking Cessation
Pharmacological approaches
Psychological approaches
Social approaches
Quitting without help: cold turkey
Electronic cigarettes
13 Physical Activity and Exercise
Extent of Physical Activity
Variation in Participation
Physical Activity and Health
Context of Physical Activity. Socio-cultural context
Environmental context
Psychological Models
Theories of reasoned action and planned behaviour
Social cognitive theory
Self-determination theory
Transtheoretical model
Cognitive
Behavioural
Self-concept
Comments
Integrating psychological and environmental models
Meanings of Physical Activity among Adults
Social class
Gender
Age
Ethnicity
Culture
Body image
Exercise among Children
Meaning of Physical Activity for Young People
Promoting Physical Activity
Population-based strategies
Community-based strategies
School-based activities
Clinic-based physical activity programmes
Alternative Forms of Physical Activity
Dance
Walking groups
Lifestyle sports
After all that
Part 3 Health Promotion and Disease Prevention
14 Information, Communication and Health Literacy
What is health communication?
Health Care Professional–Patient Communication
Patient-centred communication
E-health and m-health
Message Framing
Health Literacy. What is health literacy?
Why is health literacy important?
Strategies for Improving Health Communication
Improving HCP communication skills
Aim
Method
Findings
Conclusion
Promoting individual and community capabilities
Simplifying and clarifying health information and the wider health care system
15 Screening and Immunization
Risk and Risk Control
Screening
Screening for Cancer
Health Beliefs and Cancer Screening
Social variations in participation
Meaning of Cancer and Cancer Screening
Experience of Cancer Screening
Psychological Consequences of Cancer Screening
Health Service Organization for Cancer Screening
Men and cancer screening
Genetic Screening
Type of information
Medical value
Timescale
Impact of results
Psychological Consequences of Genetic Screening
Immunization
Psychological Models of Immunization
Socio-cultural Context of Immunization
Immunization among Children
Anti-vaccine Conspiracy Theories
Conclusion about Disease Prevention
16 Health Promotion
What is Health Promotion?
Behaviour Change Approach
Social cognition models and behaviour change
Critique of behaviour change approaches to health promotion
Community Development Approach
Theoretical influences in community health psychology
Promoting healthy behaviour and well-being in communities
Combatting structural determinants of health inequalities
Critique of community development approaches to health promotion
Health Promotion Evaluation
Challenging Healthism in Health Promotion
17 Stress and Disease Prevention1
What is stress?
Stimulus-based perspectives and life event scales
Response-based perspectives and the physiology of stress
Interactional perspectives and coping scales
Conservation of Resources Theory
Principles
Resource Caravans and Resource Caravan Passageways Principles
Corollaries
General Theory of Behaviour3
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Post-Traumatic Growth (PTG)
Stress Management
Mindfulness
Does stress Increase Susceptibility to physical illness?
Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)
Cancer
Infectious Diseases
Part 4 Illness Experience And Health Care
18 Illness and Personality
Biopsychosocial Model as a ‘Blueprint’
Explaining Links between Personality and Physical Illness
Direction of causality
Self-reporting of illness
Dimensions of personality
Physiological mechanisms versus health behaviour
Data mining, p-hacking and data selection
Minimally significant effect
Fraud
The Importance of Intervention Studies
The Type A Personality, Hostility and Coronary Heart Disease. Type A and B personalities
Hostility
Support of the Tobacco Industry for Personality–Illness Research
Depression, Stress and Coronary Heart Disease
Depression, Hope and Cancer
Conscientiousness and Longevity
Positive Psychology: a Cautionary Tale
More null results
19 Pain and Pain Control
What is Pain?
Pain Assessment
Issues in pain assessment
Mechanisms, Mediators and Moderators of Pain
Specificity theory
Pattern theory
Gate control theory
Neural Correlates of Pain
Psychological Factors in Clinical Practice
Cognition and Emotion
Learning: Previous Experience and Conditioning
Secondary Gains
Mood
Fear-avoidance Model
Interventions
Behavioural strategies
Cognitive strategies, cognitive behavioural therapy and mindfulness
Imagery
Pharmacological strategies
Physical strategies
Interdisciplinary pain rehabilitation programme
Treatment issues
20 Cancer
What is Cancer?
Carcinoma
Sarcoma
Leukemia
Lymphoma
Multiple myeloma
Melanoma
Brain and spinal cord tumours
Germ cell tumours
Neuroendocrine tumours
Carcinoid tumours
Risk Factors for Cancer
Living with Cancer. Diagnosis
Treatment
Surgery
Radiotherapy
Chemotherapy
Biological therapy
Total body irradiation
Shared decision-making
Side effects
Psychosocial issues in cancer treatment
Psychiatric issues
Survivorship
Alleged ‘Benefit Finding’ and ‘Post-traumatic Growth’
Caring for Someone with Cancer
Case Study of Intervention
Methodological issues
Influence of the internet
21 Coronary Heart Disease
What is Coronary Heart Disease?1
Living with CHD
Depression
Anger and hostility
Social support
Fear of dying
Type D personality
Caring for Someone with CHD
Interventions for CHD
Myocardial infarction
Angina
22 HIV Infection and AIDS: The Pinnacle of Stigma and Victim Blaming
What are HIV Infection and AIDS?
Incidence and Prevalence
cART
Risk Factors and At-risk Groups
Mother–foetus transmission
Mother–infant transmission
Men who have sex with men
Low Literacy
Denialism
Living with HIV Infection or AIDS
Disease-related stressors
External life-stressors
Emotional/psychological stressors
Disclosure
Adaptation to HIV infection and AIDS
Testing for HIV infection
Stigma of living with HIV infection
HIV Prevention Using Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP)
Interventions for PLHA
Community-level intervention
Using participatory action research to promote health interventions
Interventions for increased adherence
Interventions for caregivers
Interventions to reduce stigmatization
Anti-discrimination legislation
23 Long-Term Conditions: Diabetes and ME/CFS
Introduction
Diabetes Mellitus
What is diabetes?1
Living with Diabetes
Theme 1: ‘A lifelong follower but not a real problem’
Theme 2: ‘A trifle in relation to the daily struggle with difficulties’
Theme 3: ‘Something out of one’s own control’
Theme 4: ‘Not worth giving up the good things in life for’
Interventions for Diabetes Patients. Primary Health Care
Lifestyle changes
Diabetes self-management education
Depression
Caring for a Person with Diabetes
ME/CFS. What is ME/CFS?
Living with ME/CFS. Difficulties with diagnosis
Identity changes
Reductions in functioning
Coping and balancing activity
Interventions for ME/CFS
The PACE Trial: a Catalogue of Errors
Caring for a Person with ME/CFS
24 End-of-Life Care, Dying and Death
Dying and Death
Building a ‘Good Death’
Hospice Care
End-of-Life Care
Palliative care
Impact of death on care staff
Death with Dignity: Physician-assisted Death
Brain Death and Taking Organs for Transplantation
Glossary
References
Author index
Subject index
