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Mohammed Meah. Essential Statistics for Bioscientists
Essential Statistics for Bioscientists
Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
Guide
Pages
Acknowledgements
List of Worked Examples of Statistical Tests
Introduction
CHAPTER 1 Basic Statistics
Expected Learning Outcomes
Data
What is Statistics?
Types of Statistical Methods
Types of Data
Quantitative Data
Qualitative Data
Collection of Data
Framingham Heart Study (1948)
Clinical Trial
Surveys
Observations, hypotheses, theories
Experiments
Research Proposal
Parts of a Research Proposal
Deciding on the Research Experiment
Experimental Design
Steps in choosing the design
Additional Factors to Consider in Deciding the Study Design
Common Examples of Study Design
Carrying Out the Experiment
After the Experiment
Descriptive Statistics
Sample Size
Importance of the mean
Measures of Central Tendency
SEM
Variation of Data
SD
Variance
Confidence Interval
Confidence Interval
tvalue
Zvalue
Degrees of Freedom
Summary
Sample Problems
Type of data
Descriptive Statistics
Confidence Interval and Coefficient of Variation
Chapter 2 Displaying and Exploring Sample Data Graphically
Expected Learning Outcomes
Presenting Data in Tables
Presenting Data in Graphs
General Features of Graphs
Types of Graphs to Display Data
Dot Plots
Stem and Leaf Plots
Box and Whisker Plots
Frequency Histograms
Cumulative Frequency Distribution Curve
Scatter Plots
Line Graphs
Bar Graphs
Pie Charts
Other Types of Plots
Extracting Information from Graphs
Relationship between the two variables
Measurement of slope
Measurement of values from x axis or y axis intercepts
Summary
Sample Problems
CHAPTER 3 Choosing The Appropriate Statistical Test For Analysis. Expected Learning Outcomes
What is a Hypothesis?
Null Hypothesis
Alternate Hypothesis
Probability
Distributions
What is Significance?
Levels of Significance
The Link between P Value and Confidence Interval
Accuracy of the Mean
Factors to Consider in Significance Testing
Critical Values
Two Sided or One Sided Tests
t-test
ANOVA (Analysis of Variance)
F-test
Errors of Significant Testing
Degrees of Freedom (df)
Tests of Normality
Types of Inferential Tests
How Do You Decide Which Statistical Test to Do
Deciding on tests before the experiment
Deciding tests after the experiment
Some things to note when using tests
Summary Decision Flow Chart
Summary
Sample Problems
CHAPTER 4 Inferential Statistics Parametric Tests. Expected Learning Outcomes
Parametric
Student’s t
Comparing Several Means
ANOVA (Analysis of Variance)
Types of ANOVA. Randomized design
Block design
Calculation of ANOVA
Correlation
Use of correlation
Regression Analysis
Non-linear Relationships
Summary
Sample Problems
CHAPTER 5 Inferential Statistics Non-parametric Tests. Expected Learning Outcomes
Non-parametric Tests
Sign Test
Wilcoxon Test
Mann–Whitney U Test
Chi-squared Test
Fisher Exact Test
Kruskal Wallis Test
Friedman Test
Spearman Rank Correlation
Summary
Sample Problems
Statistical Software Packages
CHAPTER 6 Using Excel Descriptive and Inferential Statistics. Expected Learning Outcomes
What is Microsoft Excel?
How to Input Sample Data
Using Formulas to Calculate Statistical Terms
Using the Data Analysis Tab
Setting up the ‘Data Analysis’ Option on the Toolbar
Descriptive Statistics Using the Data Analysis Tab
Plotting a Single Bar Graph Using Excel
Single bar Graphs of Heart Rate Against Posture
Plotting a Multiple Bar Graph Using Excel
Plotting a Stacked Bar Plot Using Excel
Plotting a Scatter Graph with Excel
Plotting a Pie Chart Using Excel
Plotting a Frequency Distribution Graph Using Excel
Inferential Statistics with Microsoft Excel. Paired t-test with Excel
Example of a Paired t-test
Independent t-tests
One-way ANOVA with Excel
Post hoc tests. Bonferroni test
Tukey HSD Post Hoc Test
Two-way ANOVA using Excel
Summary
CHAPTER 7 Using Prism Descriptive and Inferential Statistics. Expected Learning Outcomes
What is Graphpad Prism
Start Prism
Inputting Data into Prism
Inputting Raw Data Into Prism
Inputting Mean Data Into Prism
Statistical Analysis
Descriptive Statistics
Plotting a Histogram
Plotting a Cumulative Frequency Graph
Correlation Test
Regression Test
Student’s t-test
One-way ANOVA
Two-way ANOVA
Non-Parametric Tests. Wilcoxan test
Mann–Whitney Test
Summary
CHAPTER 8 Using SPSS Descriptive and Inferential Statistics. Expected Learning Outcomes
What is SPSS?
Data Entry
Descriptive Statistics, Graphical Display, and Normality Testing Using SPSS
Inferential Statistics: Testing for Differences. Unpaired or Independent t-test
Paired t-test
Correlation Test
Testing for Differences between More than One Group
Repeated Measures ANOVA Test
One-way ANOVA test
Two-way ANOVA test
Non-parametric Tests. Wilcoxan Test
Mann–Whitney Test for Unrelated Groups
Kruskall–Wallis test
Friedman Test
Summary
CHAPTER 9 Misuse and Misinterpretations of Statistics
Expected Learning Outcomes
What is Misuse of Statistics?
Implications From Clinical Research
Factors Affecting the Results of Experiments. Samples
Variation and Bias
Reliability and Validity
Presentation/reporting of Research Data
Statistical Analysis
Suggestions for Reducing Errors in Experiments and in Reporting Experiments
Summary
Appendix 1 Historical Landmarks in Statistics
Appendix 2 Common Statistical Terms
Appendix 3 Common Symbols Used in Statistics
Appendix 4 Standard Formulas
Appendix 5 How to Calculate Sample Size
Appendix 6 Familiarisation with GraphPad Prism
Data tables
Results
Graphs
Changes
Appendix 7 Answers to Sample Problems. Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Appendix 8 Standard Critical Tables
References
Further Reading
Index
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