Оглавление
Murray J. Munro. Applying Phonetics
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Illustrations
Guide
Pages
Linguistics in the World
Forthcoming
Applying Phonetics. Speech Science in Everyday Life
Foreword
How to use this book
Acknowledgments
About the Companion Website
1 Introducing Phonetics : The Science of Speech
1.1 speech, language, and communication. 1.1.1 classifying communication types
1.1.2 technology and our changing understanding of “speech”
1.2 the sound structure of speech
TRY THIS
1.3 phonetics as a field of study
1.3.1 branches of phonetics
Cat‐to‐Human: Feed Me!
for further thought, analysis, and discussion
2 The Human Vocal Tract
2.1 the vocal apparatus
2.2 making speech
2.2.1 initiating the airstream
2.2.2 modifying the airstream: phonation
How Do we Know What Goes on in the Larynx?
2.2.3 modifying the airstream: articulation
2.2.4 other sounds from the vocal tract
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2.2.5 less common speech production mechanisms
for further thought, analysis, and discussion
for further reading
3 Sound, Spelling, and Phonetic Transcription
3.1 why do speech specialists need a phonetic alphabet?
TRY THIS
3.2 phonetic transcription
3.2.1 transcription systems
TRY THIS
for further thought, analysis, and discussion
for further reading
4 The Sounds of Language
4.1 consonants
4.1.1 manner
4.1.2 place
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4.1.3 voicing
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4.1.4 putting it all together for consonants
4.2 vowels
4.2.1 height and advancement
4.2.2 tension
4.2.3 lip configuration
4.2.4 the monophthong inventory of english
4.2.5 rhotic vowels
4.2.6 english diphthongs
4.3 speech sounds in other languages
4.3.1 sounds using non‐english airstream mechanisms
4.3.2 non‐english places of articulation
4.3.3 other non‐english consonants
4.3.4 vowels from other languages
for further thought, analysis, and discussion
for further reading
5 Beyond Segments
5.1 syllables
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5.2 stress
5.2.1 lexical stress: impressionistic and instrumental analysis
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5.3 rhythm
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5.4 intonation
An Expressive Talking Machine From 1939
for further thought, analysis, and discussion
for further reading
6 The Origins of Speech
6.1 our place in evolution
6.1.1 primate history
6.1.2 fossils and cultural artifacts
6.1.3 comparing ourselves with other extant primates
How the Human Vocal Tract Works: The Source–Filter Theory
6.2 how special is speech?
for further thought, analysis, and discussion
for further reading
7 Speech Across the Lifespan
7.1 anatomical development from infancy to the teens. 7.1.1 development of the vocal tract
7.1.2 laryngeal development
7.2 the development of speech perception
7.2.1 fetal exposure to the human voice
7.2.2 infant perception of speech sounds
Consonant Perception by Other Animals
7.3 childhood speech production
7.4 speech in adulthood. 7.4.1 what makes you sound like you?
7.4.2 organic influences
7.4.3 the effects of learning
7.5 aging
The Acoustics of “Smoker's Voice”
for further thought, analysis, and discussion
for further reading
8 When Things Go Wrong : Disorders of Speech
8.1 cleft lip and cleft palate
8.2 stuttering
8.3 laryngectomy
8.3.1 esophageal speech
8.3.2 external vocal prosthesis
8.3.3 in‐dwelling vocal prosthesis: tracheoesophageal speech
8.3.4 laryngeal transplantation
8.4 aphasias
8.5 some additional disorders
8.6 the role of speech–language pathologists
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8.7 transcribing disordered speech
for further thought, analysis, and discussion
for further reading
9 Machines that Talk
9.1 the history of speech synthesis
9.1.1 bronze heads and talking boxes
9.1.2 early twentieth‐century developments
9.1.3 synthesizers for research
9.1.4 the late twentieth century: new research tools and the consumer market
9.1.5 synthetic speech today
9.2 the nature of synthetic speech
9.3 the secret life of text‐to‐speech systems
9.3.1 inputting the text
9.3.2 processing numbers and abbreviations
9.3.3 processing linguistic structure
9.3.4 grapheme‐to‐phone conversion
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9.3.5 converting symbols into sound
Recipes for Vowels
9.4 how good is your speech synthesizer?
TRY THIS
9.5 the future of synthetic speech
for further thought, analysis, and discussion
for further reading
10 Forensic Speech Science
10.1 earwitness identification
10.1.1 earwitnesses in historical context
10.1.2 how reliable are earwitnesses?
10.1.3 the modern voice line‐up
Guidelines for Administering Voice Line‐Ups
10.2 expert speaker identification: whose speech is on that threatening voicemail?
10.2.1 impressionistic sid
10.2.2 instrumental (acoustic) SID
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10.2.3 automatic SID
10.2.4 special challenges in SID
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10.3 speaker profiling: what does the sound of a voice tell us about its owner?
10.3.1 accent profiling
10.3.2 other speaker information conveyed by voice
10.4 disputed utterance analysis: was that really a confession?
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Research on the David Bain Recording
10.5 other applications
10.6 some closing thoughts
for further thought, analysis, and discussion
for further reading
11 Pronunciation Teaching
11.1 second‐language learning and accented speech
11.2 the nature of L2 accents
11.3 analyzing L2 speech. 11.3.1 segmental aspects of accent
11.3.2 non‐segmental aspects of accent
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11.4 L2 accents and communication
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11.5 pronunciation in second‐language instruction
11.5.1 setting realizable goals
11.5.2 prioritizing intelligibility and comprehensibility
11.5.3 teaching to promote acquisition
Putting HVPT into Practice
for further thought, analysis, and discussion
for further reading
12 Phonetics for Stage, Screen, and Concert Hall
12.1 accents for actors
12.1.1 dialects and accents
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12.1.2 how do native english accents differ?
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12.1.3 what do accent coaches do?
If Actors Can Learn New Accents, Why Do Second‐Language Learners Seem to Have So Much Difficulty?
12.2 some applications in vocal music
12.2.1 comparing speech and singing
A (Painful) Sacrifice for Art
12.2.2 singing computers
12.2.3 vocal manipulation in music
for further thought, analysis, and discussion
for further reading
13 More Applications in Arts and Entertainment
13.1 speech and animation
13.1.1 visual aspects of speech perception
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13.1.2 the basics of speech animation
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13.1.3 computer speech animation
13.1.4 improving on the original viseme
13.2 invisible speech: the paradox of ventriloquism
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13.3 the sounds of constructed languages
13.3.1 constructed languages in literature, film, and television
Where Do Linguistic Inventors Find Their Inspiration?
for further thought, analysis, and discussion
for further reading
14 Phonetics in the Business World (and Beyond)
14.1 automatic speech recognition
14.1.1 the development of ASR technology
Why Did Harpy Succeed Where Audrey Failed?
14.1.2 ASR in the twenty‐first century
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14.2 the surprising story of the vocoder
14.3 speech in branding and marketing
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14.3.1 the study of sound and meaning
TRY THIS—FOLLOW UP
14.3.2 applying phonetics in product marketing
for further thought, analysis, and discussion
for further reading
15 Ethical Issues
15.1 talking about speech
TRY THIS
15.2 speech science versus speech science fiction
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15.3 other ethical concerns. 15.3.1 the dark side of speech synthesis
15.3.2 the dubious ethics of the “accent reduction” industry
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15.3.3 who counts as a “qualified” practitioner?
for further thought, analysis, and discussion
for further reading
Epilogue
Appendix. North American English Consonants
Key Words for English Consonants
Monophthongs Used in North American English (with Key Words)
Diphthongs Used in North American English (with Key Words)
Glossary
List of Sources
Index
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