Читать книгу Modernization of Islam - Нарша Булгакбаев - Страница 1

Islam is the most conservative religion in the world, which does not recognize any changes that have happened to mankind since the time of the Prophet Muhammad. War, explosion, hunger, nakedness, refugees, desertion, terrorist attack… but still a religion that does not change. In the heart of Islamic civilization, in the homeland of religion, but in Central Asia and the West, the situation is completely different. In another book about the concept of wrong faith, now liberation. The main reason for modernization is the desire of Muslim countries to reduce the gap in the level of development with developed countries. The question arises: can modernization destroy the primordial system of cultural values of Muslim states, or, on the contrary, will modernization contribute to the favorable development of these countries? In order to answer this question, it is necessary to consider the actual changes taking place in the Muslim world, the consequences of such changes, and to conclude whether they are beneficial or negative in these countries. For example, let’s look at some of the countries of the Middle East.

– It is necessary to start the process of adapting the legal thinking of the Muslim countries to the reality of modern times. To begin with, let us turn to the general concept of Islamic law. The law in these countries has remained unchanged for many centuries, but despite this, in recent years, the states of the Muslim tradition have carried out significant legislative reforms, mainly due to the expansion of democratic bases in the political system and the protection of human rights. Examples of such changes: free democratic legislative elections held in Yemen, Algeria, Jordan, Morocco, Kuwait and other countries in the last few years, the implementation of massive reforms in the field of education, as well as the inclusion of relevant articles guaranteeing the general rights of citizens into the texts of the constitutions of many countries input. For example, the Constitution of Bahrain (Article 5.2) states: «The state regulates women’s responsibilities in the family, their social responsibilities, their equality with men in economic, cultural, social, and political life, without violating the rules of Sharia.» and in the constitution of the Republic of Turkey: «The Republic of Turkey is a democratic, secular and social state based on the rule of law; based on the concept of public peace, national solidarity and justice; respect for human rights…» Such provisions of the constitutions dispel some myths about the complete inviolability of Islamic law. Today, Turkey is indeed a dynamic developing country that successfully implements both Islamic and democratic norms in its daily life, and is often held as a model for all young Arab democracies seeking their own path of development and reconciliation of the democratic system and the deep-rooted norms of Islam. But on the issue of expanding democratic bases in the political systems of the Near and Middle Eastern countries, the opinions of researchers and citizens of Muslim countries differ: some believe that many principles of democracy cannot fit into the legal system of Muslim countries, others, on the contrary, believe that Islam cannot be a basis for violating rights and corresponds to many principles of democracy believes that.

– Stop limiting innovations, recognize that there are different determining forces besides Islam that maintain the stability of society and shape the normative order and nature of culture;

– Revival of the past is a sign of backwardness, advocating a complete renewal of culture based on borrowing western cultural trends and philosophical doctrines of western thought; Advocates the synthesis of Western values and traditional heritage;

– Not to oppose innovations, to maintain peace between tradition and Islam, to unite different faiths into one Truth;

– Illiteracy is a major obstacle to progress, which plays an important role in modern times. Illiteracy is the main obstacle to social, cultural, economic and political development in Arab countries. For example, in Jordan, in 5 years, a law was passed on universal nine-year education, followed by ten years of compulsory education. Thus, we see that modernization in the field of education will gradually bring positive results.

– It is an undeniable fact that the legal status of women is very limited in the Middle and Middle Eastern countries compared to Western countries and is mainly defined according to religious norms. The level of legal status of women in the Middle East varies from country to country. For example, women’s rights are more practiced in Morocco than in Iran.

– The needs of economic development also require a rethinking of a number of traditional principles of Islam for the Muslim society. Currently, the most developed countries are moving to post-industrial development, which means that they are flourishing not because of material production and manufacturing industries, but because of the service industry. In Muslim countries, on the contrary, a raw material orientation of the economy is observed, for example, in Saudi Arabia, the material production sector accounts for about 67% of GDP, in Qatar 78% of GDP. These data show that Muslim countries need to modernize their economies, because the emphasis on raw materials makes the state dependent on the sale of raw materials, which makes it very unstable. In this regard, the governments of Muslim countries should make a number of efforts to modernize the economy. Despite some successes, the vast majority of Muslim countries cannot abandon their full focus on raw materials, and as a result, economic revival is slow.

– The process of revival also affected the world view of Muslims. Western values of freedom, which are widely spread on television screens and mass media, affect the minds of young people. Nowadays, it is possible to observe a change in the attitude of some Muslims towards the institution of marriage (promise, divorce) and disobedience to parents. Such phenomena are not so widespread in the Muslim world, but it should still be remembered that in the past such behavior was completely inappropriate in Muslim countries. Communication processes in Islamic society have changed significantly

– It is necessary to get rid of this frozen fear: they believe that the process of modernization is closely related to the imposition of foreign values, the pursuit of money and pleasure, disrespecting parents, thereby harming the faith and identity of Muslims. Others believe that modernization will bring positive changes that bring their homeland closer to «material and spiritual prosperity.»

– Undoubtedly, hyperbolization is an obstacle to the process of modernization of society, but at the same time, it is impossible to maintain stability in society and its sustainable development without taking into account the specificity of one’s own culture. It should be noted that the identity of Muslims does not depend on time and external political conditions, but is based on the principles that unite all Muslims who do not lend themselves to reconstruction.

– On the one hand, Islam appeared as a collection of beliefs that have not changed for centuries, on the other hand, modern times offer us a new system of ideas that are more intellectually sound in the eyes of modern people, which correspond to new scientific theories and ideas. These two aspects are often incompatible, if Islam is understood not only as a religion, but also as a form that manifests itself in the minds of millions of people. Most Muslims live a double life: they remain loyal to the Muslim community, but they do not adhere to all the principles that such loyalty requires. Religion and everyday life come into sharp contrast with each other.

Thus, the Muslim countries of the Middle East will have to adapt their political system in such a way that it does not lose its face and identity while keeping pace with the modern world. And it is quite possible.

Modernism is one of the characteristics of modern Islam. Various branches of Islam need to be «cleansed» of various archaic elements, excessive restrictions and unnecessary prohibitions. I am in favor of the evolution of Islam through its reforms, revision of the Qur’an and Sunnah, Sharia and fiqh guidelines. Scientific achievements are the manifestation of God’s wisdom and confirm the truth of the Qur’an. I declare that modern Islam aims to restore the institutions and norms of early Islam in the modern life of Muslims. I propose to return Islam to its «primitive purity» and cleanse it of the later filth. The ideological origins of teachings should be sought only in the Qur’an and the Sunnah.