Manual of Laboratory Testing Methods for Dental Restorative Materials

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Paromita Mazumdar. Manual of Laboratory Testing Methods for Dental Restorative Materials

Table of Contents

List of Tables

List of Illustrations

Guide

Pages

Manual of Laboratory Testing Methods for Dental Restorative Materials

Preface

Acknowledgement

Glossary of Key Terms

About the Companion Website

Introduction

1 Assessment of Mechanical Properties of Dental Restorative Materials. KEY CONCEPTS

Good to Know

1.1 Tensile Strength

Good to Know

1.2 Diametral Compression Test

1.3 Compressive Strength

1.4 Flexural Strength

Good to Know

1.5 Resistance to Fatigue

1.6 Hardness

Good to Know

1.7 Elastic Modulus

1.8 Fracture Toughness

Good to Know

1.9 Nanoindentation

1.10 Bond Strength

1.10.1 Macro‐Test Methods

1.10.1.1 Macro‐Shear (SBS) Test

1.10.1.2 Macro‐Tensile (TBS) Test

1.10.1.3 Push‐Out (PO) Test

1.10.2 Micro‐Test Methods. 1.10.2.1 Micro Shear Test

1.10.2.2 Micro Tensile Test

1.10.2.3 Micro Push‐Out Bond Strength

Key Points

References

2 Assessment of Physical Properties of Dental Restorative Materials. KEY CONCEPTS

2.1 Assessment of Surface Roughness

2.1.1 Mechanical Stylus Method

2.1.2 Optical Method

2.1.2.1 Taper‐Sectioning Method

2.1.2.2 Light‐Sectioning Method

2.1.2.3 Specular Reflection Methods

2.1.2.4 Diffuse Reflection (Scattering) Methods

Good to Know

2.1.2.5 Speckle Pattern Method

Good to Know

2.1.2.6 Optical Interference Methods

2.1.2.7 A Commercial Digital Optical Profiler

2.1.2.8 Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM) Methods

2.1.2.9 Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM)

Good to Know

2.1.2.10 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)

2.2 Water Sorption and Solubility

2.3 Viscosity

2.3.1 U‐Tube Viscometers

2.3.2 Falling Sphere Viscometers

2.3.3 Brookfield's Viscometer

2.4 Surface Tension

2.5 Degree of Conversion

2.6 Microleakage

2.6.1 Methods Used for Detection of Microleakage

2.6.2 Air Pressure

2.6.3 Fluid Filtration

2.6.4 Neutron Activation Analysis

2.6.5 Electrical Conductivity

2.6.6 Bacteria

2.6.7 Artificial Caries

2.6.8 Radioactive Tracers

2.6.9 Chemical Tracers

2.6.10 Dyes

Good to Know

2.6.11 Dye Extraction Technique

2.6.12 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)

2.6.13 Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy

2.6.14 Micro‐CT

2.6.15 Optical Coherence Tomography

Good to Know

2.7 Interfacial Adaptation and Film Thickness

2.8 Radiopacity

Key Points

References

3 Isolation and Identification of Oral Microflora. KEY CONCEPTS

3.1 Isolation and Identification

3.2 Steps for Conducting an Experiment for Microbial Isolation and Identification

3.2.1 Sample Collection

Things to Remember

Good to Know

3.2.2 Transportation of Samples for Testing

Good to Know

3.2.3 Suspension and Dilution of Samples

3.2.4 Inoculation and Incubation of Samples

Good to Know

3.2.5 Identification of Microflora

3.3 Molecular Biological Methods for Microflora Identification

3.3.1 Polymerase Chain Reaction

Things to Remember

3.3.2 DNA–DNA Hybridization

Things to Remember

3.3.3 Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization

3.3.4 Terminal‐RFLP

3.3.5 DNA Microarrays

Good to Know

Key Points

References

4 Assessment of Biocompatibility of Dental Materials. KEY CONCEPTS

4.1 Standards for Testing Biocompatibility

4.1.1 ANSI/ADA 41

4.1.2 ISO 10993

4.1.3 ISO 7405

4.2 Testing Hierarchy

4.2.1 Linear Progression

4.2.2 Nonlinear Progression

4.3 Initial Tests for Assessment of Biocompatibility

4.3.1 Direct Cell Culture Test. Good to Know

4.3.1.1 Dye Exclusion Assays

4.3.1.2 Colorimetric Assays

MTT Assay

MTS Assay

XTT Assay

WST‐1 Assay

WST‐8 Assay

LDH (Lactate Dehydrogenase) Assay

SRB (Sulforhodamine B) Assay

NRU (Neutral Red Uptake) Assay

CVS Assay (Crystal Violet Assay)

4.3.1.3 Fluorometric Assays

alamarBlue (AB) Assay

CFDA‐AM Assay

Protease Viability Marker Assay (GF‐AFC Assay)

4.3.1.4 Luminometric Assays

ATP Assay

Real‐Time Viability Assay

Things to Remember

4.3.2 Barrier Screening Test. Good to Know

4.3.3 Agar Diffusion Test

Things to Remember

4.3.4 Filter Diffusion Testing Method

4.3.5 Tooth Slice Culture Assay

Good to Know

4.3.6 Micronuclei Test

4.3.7 Ame's Test

4.3.8 Style's Test

4.3.9 Hemolysis Test

4.4 Animal Tests

4.4.1 Inhalation Test

4.4.2 Implantation Test

4.4.3 Maximization Test

4.4.4 Buehler's Test

4.5 Usage Tests

4.5.1 Pulp–Dentin Test for Restorative Materials

4.5.2 Pulp Capping and Pulpotomy Material Test

4.5.3 Mucosal Damage and Mucosa Usage Test

4.5.4 Periapical Tissue Damage and Endodontic Usage Test

4.5.5 Gingival Usage Test

4.5.6 Teratogenic Effects and Influence on Reproduction

4.5.7 Clinical Trials

Good to Know

4.5.7.1 Clinical Testing of Restorative Materials. Things to Remember

4.5.7.2 Allergy Tests

Patch Test

Prick Test

Radioallergosorbent Test (RAST)

Good to Know

Key Points

References

5 Assessment of Optical Properties. KEY CONCEPTS

5.1 Perception of Color

5.2 Three Dimensions of Color

5.2.1 Hue

5.2.2 Value

Things to Remember

5.2.3 Chroma

Things to Remember

5.3 Color Measurements

5.3.1 Visual Color Measurement

Good to Know

5.3.2 Instrumental Color Measurement

Good to Know

5.4 Experimental Design for the Assessment of Color Stability

5.4.1 Sample Preparation for Color Stability Assessment. Good to Know

5.4.2 Staining Procedure

5.4.3 Assessment of Color Change

5.5 Test for Color Stability of Composite Resin (Pictorial Representation)

5.6 Assessment of Fluorescence

5.6.1 Fluorescnece of Natural Teeth

5.6.2 Fluorescence of Restorative Materials

5.6.3 Measurement of Fluorescence

5.7 Assessment of Gloss

Good to Know

Key Points

References

6 Simulation of Oral Environment. KEY CONCEPTS

Good to Know

Good to Know

Good to Know

6.1 Strain gauge Transducers

6.2 Piezoelectric Transducers

6.3 Pressure Transducers

6.4 Cyclic Loading Apparatus

Good to Know

Key Points

References

7 Extra Mile: Biofilm Models and Assessment of Biofilms in Restorative Dentistry. KEY CONCEPTS

7.1 Difference Between Dental Plaque and Biofilm

7.2 Virulence Factors of Biofilms

7.3 Biofilm Formation

7.4 Microorganisms in Oral Biofilms

7.5 In vitro Biofilm Models

7.5.1 Static Biofilm Models

7.5.2 Dynamic Biofilm Models

7.6 Applications of In vitro Biofilm Models

7.7 Factors Affecting Biofilm Adhesion to Restorative Materials

7.8 Sample Preparation for Biofilm Study on Restorative Materials

7.9 Use of Biofilm Assays

7.10 Biofilm Formation on Restorative Materials

Key Points

References

Index. a

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Отрывок из книги

Dr Paromita Mazumdar and Dr Deepshikha Chowdhury

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Hardness measurement can be defined as macro or micro, according to the forces applied and displacements obtained. Macro means large, therefore macro hardness is a measurement of the hardness of a material when a large force of greater than 50 N is applied. Macro hardness can be regular or superficial. In regular macro hardness, it is applicable to large area with deep penetration, whereas in superficial macro hardness, it is applicable to large area with shallow penetration. Macro hardness tests can be applied with heavier loads than micro indentation tests.

Micro hardness is a broadly used term referring to the testing of hardness involving materials by using small applied loads. A more appropriate term to describe this is micro indentation hardness testing. In this testing method, the use of a diamond indenter with a particular shape is used to make an impression called a “test load” or “applied force”, which can be at 1–1000 gf, on the material under testing. Normally, micro indentation tests involve 2 N forces, which are roughly equivalent to 200 gf. This force can produce an indentation of around 50 μm. Because of its specificity, this type of testing is applicable in cases where there is a need to watch for hardness changes on a microscopic level.

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