Оглавление
Paul E. Kaloostian. Neurosurgery Outlines
Contents
Contributors
1 Cervical
1.1 Trauma. 1.1.1 Anterior Cervical Fusion/Posterior Cervical Fusion. Indications
Symptoms and Signs
Surgical Pathology
Surgical Procedure
Pitfalls
Prognosis
1.2 Elective. 1.2.1 Anterior Cervical Fusion/Posterior Cervical Fusion. Indications
Symptoms and Signs
Surgical Pathology
Surgical Procedure
Pitfalls
Prognosis
1.2.2 Posterior Cervical Foraminotomy/Posterior Cervical Decompression. Symptoms and Signs
Surgical Pathology
Diagnostic Modalities
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment Options
Indications for Surgical Intervention
Surgical Procedure for Posterior Cervical Spine
Pitfalls
Prognosis
1.3 Tumor/Vascular. 1.3.1 Cervical Tumor Resection (Vertebral Pathology) Symptoms and Signs
Surgical Pathology
Diagnostic Modalities
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment Options
Indications for Surgical Intervention
Surgical Procedure for Posterior Cervical Spine
Pitfalls
Prognosis
1.3.2 Cervical Vascular Lesion Treatment for Arteriovenous Malformation (AVM) (Vertebral Pathology) Symptoms and Signs (AVM)
Surgical Pathology
Diagnostic Modalities
Differential Diagnosis:
Treatment Options
Indications for Endovascular Intervention
Surgical Procedure for Cervical Spine (Laminoplasty)
Surgical Procedure for Cervical Spine (Laminectomy)
Embolization Procedure (Onyx)
Pitfalls
Prognosis (AVM Laminectomy)
1.3.3 Cervical Anterior and Posterior Techniques for Tumor Resection (Spinal Canal Pathology) Symptoms and Signs
Surgical Pathology
Diagnostic Modalities
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment Options
Indications for Surgical Intervention
Surgical Procedure for Posterior Cervical Spine
Surgical Procedure for Anterior Cervical Spine
Pitfalls
Prognosis
Bibliography
2 Thoracic
2.1 Trauma. 2.1.1 Thoracic Decompression/Thoracic Fusion. Symptoms and Signs
Surgical Pathology
Diagnostic Modalities:
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment Options
Indications for Surgical Intervention
Surgical Procedure for Posterior Thoracic Spine
Pitfalls
Prognosis
2.1.2 Thoracic Corpectomy and Fusion. Symptoms and Signs
Surgical Pathology
Diagnostic Modalities
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment Options
Indications for Surgical Intervention
Surgical Procedure for Retropleural Thoracic Corpectomy
Surgical Procedure for Lateral Extracavitary Thoracic Corpectomy
Surgical Procedure for Transpedicular Thoracic Corpectomy
Pitfalls
Prognosis
2.1.3 Transthoracic Approaches for Decompression and Fusion/Transsternal Approaches for Decompression and Fusion. Symptoms and Signs
Surgical Pathology
Diagnostic Modalities
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment Options
Indications for Surgical Intervention
Surgical Procedure for Anterior Transthoracic Decompression/Fusion
Surgical Procedure Anterior Transsternal Decompression/Fusion
Pitfalls
Prognosis
2.2 Elective. 2.2.1 Thoracic Decompression/Thoracic Fusion. Symptoms and Signs
Surgical Pathology
Diagnostic Modalities
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment Options
Indications for Surgical Intervention
Surgical Procedure for Posterior Thoracic Spine
Pitfalls
Prognosis
2.2.2 Thoracic Corpectomy and Fusion. Symptoms and Signs
Surgical Pathology
Diagnostic Modalities
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment Options
Indications for Surgical Intervention
Surgical Procedure for Retropleural Thoracic Corpectomy
Surgical Procedure for Lateral Extracavitary Thoracic Corpectomy
Surgical Procedure for Transpedicular Thoracic Corpectomy
Pitfalls
Prognosis
2.2.3 Transthoracic Approaches for Decompression and Fusion/Transsternal Approaches for Decompression and Fusion. Symptoms and Signs
Surgical Pathology
Diagnostic Modalities
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment Options
Indications for Surgical Intervention
Surgical Procedure for Anterior Transthoracic Decompression/Fusion
Surgical Procedure for Anterior Transsternal Decompression/Fusion
Pitfalls
Prognosis
2.3 Tumor/Vascular. 2.3.1 Anterior and Posterior Approaches for Thoracic Tumor Resection (Vertebral Pathology) Symptoms and Signs
Surgical Pathology
Diagnostic Modalities
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment Options
Indications for Surgical Intervention
Surgical Procedure for Posterior Thoracic Spine
Surgical Procedure for Anterior Thoracic Spine
Pitfalls
Prognosis
2.3.2 Thoracic Anterior and Posterior Approaches for Vascular Lesion Resection (Vertebral Pathology) Symptoms and Signs
Surgical Pathology
Diagnostic Modalities
Differential Diagnosis FMD
Treatment Options
Indications for Endovascular Intervention
Surgical Procedure for Thoracic Spine (Laminoplasty; Preferred over Laminectomy Due to Increased Preservation of Neural Structures)
Surgical Procedure for Thoracic Spine (Laminectomy)
Embolization Procedure (Onyx)
Pitfalls
Prognosis (AVM Laminoplasty)
Prognosis (AVM Laminectomy)
2.3.3 Thoracic Anterior and Posterior Techniques for Tumor Resection (Spinal Canal Pathology) Symptoms and Signs
Surgical Pathology
Diagnostic Modalities
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment Options
Indications for Surgical Intervention
Surgical Procedure for Posterior Thoracic Spine
Surgical Procedure for Anterior Thoracic Spine
Pitfalls
Prognosis
Bibliography
3 Lumbar
3.1 Trauma. 3.1.1 Lumbar Decompression with Foraminotomy/Lumbar Diskectomy/Lumbar Fusion. Symptoms and Signs
Surgical Pathology
Diagnostic Modalities
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment Options
Indications for Surgical Intervention
Surgical Procedure for Posterior Lumbar Spine (Endoscopic Approach)
Pitfalls
Prognosis
3.2 Elective. 3.2.1 Lumbar Laminectomy/Decompression/Lumbar Diskectomy/Lumbar Synovial Cyst Resection/Lumbar Fusion Posterior. Symptoms and Signs
Surgical Pathology
Diagnostic Modalities
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment Options
Indications for Surgical Intervention
Surgical Procedure for Posterior Lumbar Spine (Endoscopic Approach)
Pitfalls
Prognosis
3.2.2 Anterior Lumbar Fusion. Symptoms and Signs
Surgical Pathology
Diagnostic Modalities
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment Options
Indications for Surgical Intervention
Surgical Procedure for Anterior Lumbar Spine (Anterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion; ALIF)
Pitfalls
Prognosis
3.2.3 Anterolateral Lumbar Fusion. Symptoms and Signs
Surgical Pathology
Diagnostic Modalities
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment Options
Indications for Surgical Intervention
Surgical Procedure for Anterior Lumbar Spine (Anterolateral Lumbar Interbody Fusion; ALIF)
Pitfalls
Prognosis
3.3 Tumor/Vascular. 3.3.1 Lumbar Posterior Techniques for Tumor Resection (Vertebral Tumor) Symptoms and Signs
Surgical Pathology
Diagnostic Modalities
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment Options
Indications for Surgical Intervention
Surgical Procedure for Posterior Lumbar Spine
Pitfalls
Prognosis
Pitfalls
Prognosis
3.3.2 Lumbar Anterior and Posterior Techniques for Vascular Lesion Treatment (Vertebral) Symptoms and Signs
Surgical Pathology
Diagnostic Modalities
Differential Diagnosis FMD
Treatment Options
Indications for Endovascular Intervention
Surgical Procedure for Posterior Lumbar Spine (Laminoplasty)
Surgical Procedure for Anterior Lumbar Spine
Embolization Procedure (Onyx)
Pitfalls
Prognosis
3.3.3 Lumbar Anterior and Posterior Techniques for Tumor Resection (Spinal Canal Pathology) Symptoms and Signs
Surgical Pathology
Diagnostic Modalities
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment Options
Indications for Surgical Intervention
Surgical Procedure for Posterior Lumbar Spine
Pitfalls
Prognosis
Surgical Procedure for Anterior Lumbar Spine
Pitfalls
Prognosis
Bibliography
4 Sacral
4.1 Trauma. 4.1.1 Sacral Fusion. Symptoms and Signs
Surgical Pathology
Diagnostic Modalities
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment Options
Indications for Surgical Intervention
Surgical Procedure for Posterior Sacral Spine (Instrumentation without Fusion)
Pitfalls
Surgical Procedure for Anterior Sacral Spine (Anterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion with Transperitoneal Approach)
Pitfalls
Prognosis
4.1.2 Tarlov Cyst Treatment. Symptoms and Signs
Surgical Pathology
Diagnostic Modalities
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment Options
Indications for Surgical Intervention
Surgical Procedure for Posterior Sacral Spine (Cyst Excision)
Pitfalls
Prognosis
4.2 Elective. 4.2.1 Sacral Decompression. Symptoms and Signs
Surgical Pathology
Diagnostic Modalities
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment Options
Indications for Surgical Intervention
Sacral Procedure for Posterior Sacral Spine (Laminectomy/Foraminotomy)
Pitfalls
Prognosis
4.2.2 Sacral Fusion. Symptoms and Signs
Surgical Pathology
Diagnostic Modalities
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment Options
Indications for Surgical Intervention
Surgical Procedure for Anterior Sacral Spine (Anterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion with Transperitoneal Approach)
Pitfalls
Prognosis
4.3 Tumor/Vascular. 4.3.1 Anterior/Posterior Sacral Tumor Resection. Symptoms and Signs
Surgical Pathology
Diagnostic Modalities
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment Options
Indications for Surgical Intervention
Surgical Procedure for Anterior/Posterior Sacral Spine (En Bloc Resection)
Pitfalls
Prognosis
Bibliography
5 Coccyx
5.1 Trauma. 5.1.1 Coccyx Fracture Repair/Resection. Symptoms and Signs
Surgical Pathology
Diagnostic Modalities
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment Options
Indications for Surgical Intervention
Surgical Procedure for Posterior Coccyx (Coccygectomy)
Pitfalls
Prognosis
5.2 Elective. 5.2.1 Coccyx Resection. Symptoms and Signs
Surgical Pathology
Diagnostic Modalities
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment Options
Indications for Surgical Intervention
Surgical Procedure for Posterior Coccyx (Coccygectomy)
Pitfalls
Prognosis
Bibliography
6 Spinal Radiosurgery
6.1 Symptoms and Signs (Broad)
6.2 Surgical Pathology
6.3 Diagnostic Modalities
6.4 Differential Diagnosis
6.5 Treatment Options
6.6 Indications for Surgical Intervention
6.7 Noninvasive CyberKnife Procedure for Posterior Spine
6.8 Pitfalls
6.9 Prognosis
Bibliography
7 Cranial Radiosurgery
7.1 Symptoms and Signs (Broad)
7.2 Surgical Pathology
7.3 Diagnostic Modalities
7.4 Differential Diagnosis
7.5 Treatment Options
7.6 Indications for Radiosurgical Intervention
7.7 Noninvasive CyberKnife Procedure for Cranium
7.8 Pitfalls
7.9 Prognosis
Bibliography
8 Brain Tumors
8.1 Meningioma Convexity/Olfactory Groove Meningioma. 8.1.1 Symptoms and Signs
8.1.2 Surgical Pathology
8.1.3 Diagnostic Modalities
8.1.4 Differential Diagnosis
8.1.5 Treatment Options
8.1.6 Indications for Surgical Intervention
8.1.7 Surgical Procedure for Bifrontal Craniotomy (Pre-op Embolization Can Be Done Prior to Surgery)
8.1.8 Pitfalls
8.1.9 Prognosis
8.2 Metastatic Tumor Resection. 8.2.1 Symptoms and Signs (Broad)
8.2.2 Surgical Pathology
8.2.3 Diagnostic Modalities
8.2.4 Differential Diagnosis
8.2.5 Treatment Options
8.2.6 Indications for Surgical Intervention
8.2.7 Surgical Procedure for Craniotomy
8.2.8 Pitfalls
8.2.9 Prognosis
8.3 Posterior Fossa Tumor Resection. 8.3.1 Symptoms and Signs
8.3.2 Surgical Pathology
8.3.3 Diagnostic Modalities
8.3.4 Differential Diagnosis
8.3.5 Treatment Options
8.3.6 Indications for Surgical Intervention
8.3.7 Surgical Procedure for Posterior Fossa Craniectomy
8.3.8 Pitfalls
8.3.9 Prognosis
8.4 Pituitary Tumor Resection. 8.4.1 Symptoms and Signs
8.4.2 Surgical Pathology
8.4.3 Diagnostic Modalities
8.4.4 Differential Diagnosis
8.4.5 Treatment Options
8.4.6 Indications for Surgical Intervention
8.4.7 Surgical Procedure for Transsphenoidal Endoscopic Pituitary
8.4.8 Pitfalls
8.4.9 Prognosis
8.5 Superficial Tumor Resection (Arising from Skull) 8.5.1 Symptoms and Signs (Broad)
8.5.2 Surgical Pathology
8.5.3 Diagnostic Modalities
8.5.4 Differential Diagnosis
8.5.5 Treatment Options
8.5.6 Indications for Surgical Intervention
8.5.7 Surgical Procedure for Craniotomy
8.5.8 Pitfalls
8.5.9 Prognosis
8.6 Epidural Tumor Resection. 8.6.1 Symptoms and Signs (Broad)
8.6.2 Surgical Pathology
8.6.3 Diagnostic Modalities
8.6.4 Differential Diagnosis
8.6.5 Treatment Options
8.6.6 Indications for Surgical Intervention
8.6.7 Surgical Procedure for Retrosigmoid Craniotomy (Meningiomas or Vestibular Schwannomas)
8.6.8 Pitfalls
8.6.9 Prognosis
Bibliography
9 Cerebral Vascular Lesions
9.1 Cerebral Aneurysms/Cerebral AVM Resection/Cerebral Cavernous Angioma Resection. 9.1.1 Symptoms and Signs
9.1.2 Surgical Pathology
9.1.3 Diagnostic Modalities
9.1.4 Differential Diagnosis
9.1.5 Treatment Options
9.1.6 Indications for Surgical Intervention
9.1.7 Surgical Procedure for Microsurgical Resection (Vascular Lesions)
9.1.8 Embolization Procedure (Onyx)
9.1.9 Pitfalls
9.1.10 Prognosis
9.2 Endovascular Treatment of Cerebral Aneurysms/AVM. 9.2.1 Symptoms and Signs
9.2.2 Surgical Pathology
9.2.3 Diagnostic Modalities
9.2.4 Differential Diagnosis AVM
9.2.5 Treatment Options
9.2.6 Indications for Surgical Intervention
9.2.7 Surgical Procedure for Endovascular Embolization (Coiling)
9.2.8 Pitfalls
9.2.9 Prognosis
Bibliography
10 Epidural Hematoma Evacuation/Subdural Hematoma Evacuation/Intracerebral Hemorrhage Evacuation
10.1 Symptoms and Signs
10.2 Surgical Pathology
10.3 Diagnostic Modalities
10.4 Differential Diagnosis
10.5 Treatment Options
10.6 Indications for Surgical Intervention
10.7 Surgical Procedure for Subdural Hematoma/Epidural Hematoma/Intraparenchymal Hematoma Evacuation
10.8 Pitfalls
10.9 Prognosis
Bibliography
11 Hemicraniectomy (Unilateral, Bilateral, Bifrontal versus Frontotemporal)
11.1 Symptoms and Signs
11.2 Surgical Pathology
11.3 Diagnostic Modalities
11.4 Differential Diagnosis
11.5 Treatment Options
11.6 Indications for Surgical Intervention
11.7 Surgical Procedure for Unilateral Frontotemporoparietal Craniectomy
11.8 Surgical Procedure for Bifrontal Craniectomy
11.9 Pitfalls
11.10 Prognosis
Bibliography
12 Cranioplasty
12.1 Symptoms and Signs
12.2 Surgical Pathology
12.3 Diagnostic Modalities
12.4 Differential Diagnosis
12.5 Treatment Options. 12.5.1 Acute Pain Control with Medications and Pain Management. 12.5.2 Therapy and Rehabilitation
12.5.3 If Symptomatic
12.6 Indications for Surgical Intervention
12.7 Surgical Procedure for Cranioplasty
12.8 Pitfalls
12.9 Prognosis
Bibliography
13 Placement of External Ventricular Drain/Placement of Intraparenchymal ICP Monitor
13.1 Symptoms and Signs
13.2 Surgical Pathology
13.3 Diagnostic Modalities
13.4 Differential Diagnosis
13.5 Treatment Options. 13.5.1 Acute Pain Control with Medications and Pain Management. 13.5.2 Therapy and Rehabilitation
13.5.3 If Symptomatic
13.6 Indications for Surgical Intervention
13.7 Surgical Procedure for EVD Placement
13.8 Surgical Procedure for Intraparenchymal ICP Monitor Placement
13.9 Pitfalls
13.10 Prognosis
Bibliography
14 Deep Brain Stimulation
14.1 Symptoms and Signs
14.2 Surgical Pathology
14.3 Diagnostic Modalities
14.4 Differential Diagnosis
14.5 Treatment Options
14.6 Indications for Surgical Intervention
14.7 Surgical Procedure for Deep Brain Stimulation
14.8 Pitfalls
14.9 Prognosis
Bibliography
15 Subdural Grid Placement
15.1 Symptoms and Signs
15.2 Surgical Pathology
15.3 Diagnostic Modalities
15.4 Differential Diagnosis
15.5 Treatment Options
15.6 Indications for Surgical Intervention
15.7 Surgical Procedure for Subdural Grid Placement
15.8 Pitfalls
15.9 Prognosis
Bibliography
16 Amygdalohippocampectomy
16.1 Symptoms and Signs
16.2 Surgical Pathology
16.3 Diagnostic Modalities
16.4 Differential Diagnosis
16.5 Treatment Options. 16.5.1 Antiepileptic Medication (Neurological Evaluation) 16.5.2 Therapy and Rehabilitation
16.5.3 If Symptomatic and No Improvement after Nonoperative Management
16.6 Indications for Surgical Intervention
16.7 Surgical Procedure for Transcortical Selective Amygdalohippocampectomy (SAH)
16.8 Pitfalls
16.9 Prognosis
Bibliography
17 Spinal Cord Stimulator
17.1 Symptoms and Signs
17.2 Surgical Pathology
17.3 Diagnostic Modalities
17.4 Differential Diagnosis
17.5 Treatment Options
17.6 Indications for Surgical Intervention
17.7 Surgical Procedure for Spinal Cord Stimulation
17.8 Pitfalls
17.9 Prognosis
Bibliography
18 Baclofen Pump/Morphine Pump
18.1 Symptoms and Signs
18.2 Surgical Pathology
18.3 Diagnostic Modalities
18.4 Differential Diagnosis
18.5 Treatment Options
18.6 Indications for Surgical Intervention
18.7 Surgical Procedure for Intrathecal Baclofen Pump Insertion
18.8 Pitfalls
18.9 Prognosis
Bibliography
19 Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt
19.1 Symptoms and Signs
19.2 Surgical Pathology
19.3 Diagnostic Modalities
19.4 Differential Diagnosis
19.5 Treatment Options. 19.5.1 Surgery if Deemed Suitable Candidate
19.6 Indications for Surgical Intervention
19.7 Surgical Procedure for Ventriculoperitoneal (VP) Shunt
19.8 Pitfalls
19.9 Prognosis
Bibliography
20 Lumboperitoneal Shunt
20.1 Symptoms and Signs
20.2 Surgical Pathology
20.3 Diagnostic Modalities
20.4 Differential Diagnosis
20.5 Treatment Options. 20.5.1 Surgery if Deemed Suitable Candidate
20.6 Indications for Surgical Intervention
20.7 Surgical Procedure for Lumboperitoneal (LP) Shunt
20.8 Pitfalls
20.9 Prognosis
Bibliography
21 Ventriculopleural Shunt
21.1 Symptoms and Signs
21.2 Surgical Pathology
21.3 Diagnostic Modalities
21.4 Differential Diagnosis
21.5 Treatment Options. 21.5.1 Surgery if Deemed Suitable Candidate
21.6 Indications for Surgical Intervention
21.7 Surgical Procedure for Ventriculopleural (VLP) Shunt
21.8 Pitfalls
21.9 Prognosis
Bibliography
22 Ventriculoatrial Shunt
22.1 Symptoms and Signs
22.2 Surgical Pathology
22.3 Diagnostic Modalities
22.4 Differential Diagnosis
22.5 Treatment Options. 22.5.1 Surgery if Deemed Suitable Candidate
22.6 Indications for Surgical Intervention
22.7 Surgical Procedure for Ventriculoatrial (VA) Shunt
22.8 Pitfalls
22.9 Prognosis
Bibliography
Index
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